On this day in History - Oct. 20
- 0460 - Aelia Eudocia dies. Byzantine Empress
- 1463 - Alessandro Achillini was born (d. 1512). Italian philosopher.
- 1469 - Guru Nanak Dev was born (d. 1539). First Sikh Guru.
- 1496 - Claude, Duke of Guise was born (d. 1550). French soldier.
- 1570 - João de Barros dies (b. 1496). Portuguese historian (Décadas da Ásia).
- 1616 - Thomas Bartholin was born (d. 1680). Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian.
- 1620 - Aelbert Cuyp was born (d. 1691). Dutch painter.
- 1632 - Sir Christopher Wren was born (d. 1723). English architect, astronomer, mathematician. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–1682)
- 1640 - John Ball dies (b. 1585). English Puritan clergyman.
- 1652 - Antonio Coello dies. Spanish writer
- 1656 - Nicolas de Largillière was born (d. 1746). French painter.
- 1660 - Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven was born (d. 1723). English statesman
- 1677 - Stanislaus I Leszczyński was born (d. 1766). King of Poland.
- 1682 - Morre Frei António das Chagas. Pregador e escritor português.
- 1713 - Archibald Pitcairne dies (b. 1652). Scottish physician.
- 1740 - Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor dies (b. 1685)
- 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
- 1752 - Arrival in Philadelphia of the Ship Duke of Wirtemberg, Daniel Montpelier, Commander, from Rotterdam (Holland), last from Cowes (England), with 133 immigrants including Johann Conrad Hesser.
- 1759 - Chauncey Goodrich was born (d. 1815). U.S. Senator from Connecticut.
- 1781 - Patent of Tolerance, providing limited freedom of worship, was approved in Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1803 - United States Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase
- 1808 - Karl Andree was born (d. 1875). German geographer.
- 1818 - The Convention of 1818 signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
- 1819 - The Báb was born (d. 1850). Persian founder of the Bábí Faith.
- 1822 - Thomas Hughes was born (d. 1896). English novelist.
- 1824 - William H. Seward and Frances Adeline Miller Seward wed.
- 1827 - Battle of Navarino - a combined Turkish and Egyptian armada is destroyed by an allied British, French, and Russian naval force in the port of Navarino in Pylos, Greece. The most important result of this battle is the end of the Greek Liberation War and the affirmation of independence of modern Greece.
- 1832 - Anton Romako was born (d. 8 Mar 1889). Austrian painter.
- 1854 - Arthur Rimbaud was born (d. 1891). French poet.
- 1858 - John Burns was born (d. 1943). English politician.
- 1859 - John Dewey was born (d. 1952). American philosopher.
- 1863 - William Henry Young was born in London (d. 7 Jul 1942). Mathematician.
- 1865 - Champ Ferguson dies. Confederate guerilla
- 1874 - Charles Ives was born (d. 1954). American composer.
- 1878 - Arthur Scherbius was born (d. 1929). German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine.
- 1882 - Bela Lugosi was born (d. 1956). Hungarian-born actor.
- 1883 - Peru and Chile signed the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province was ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
- 1889 - Margaret Dumont was born (d. 1965). American actress.
- 1890 - Jelly Roll Morton was born (d. 1941). American composer.
- 1891 - James Chadwick was born (d. 1974). English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate in 1935 for discovering the neutron.
- 1891 - Jomo Kenyatta was born (d. 1978). President of Kenya.
- 1893 - Charley Chase was born (d. 1940). American comedian.
- 1894 - Olive Thomas was born (d. 1920). American actress.
- 1897 - Crown Prince Eun of Korea was born (d. 1970)
- 1900 - Wayne Morse was born (d. 1974). U.S. Senator from Oregon.
- 1900 - Naim Frashëri dies (b. 1846). Albanian poet.
- 1901 - Alberto Giacometti was born. Swiss painter and sculptor.
- 1904 - Anna Neagle was born (d. 1986). English actress.
- 1904 - Tommy Clement Douglas was born (d. 1986). Canadian politician.
- 1905 - Ellery Queen was born (d. 1982). Pseudonym of two American writers.
- 1907 - Arlene Francis was born (d. 2001). American television personality.
- 1910 - David B. Hill dies (b. 1843). Governor of New York.
- 1910 - The hull of the RMS Olympic, sister-ship to the ill-fated RMS Titanic, is launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland.
- 1910 - Soccer team KFC forms in Alkmaar, Netherland.
- 1913 - Grandpa Jones was born (d. 1998). American banjo player and singer.
- 1914 - Mario Luzi was born (d. 28 Feb 2005). Italian poet and literary critic. He emerged from the Hermetic movementto become one of the most notable poets of the 20th century
- 1918 - Robert Lochner was born (d. 2003). German journalist.
- 1920 - Max Bruch dies (b. 1838). German composer.
- 1925 - Art Buchwald was born. American newspaper columnist
- 1928 - Joyce Brothers was born. American psychologist and television personality
- 1928 - Daniel Nathans was born (d. 26. Nov. 1999). American microbiologist who awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (shared with Werner Arber and Hamilton O. Smith ) "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
- 1929 - José Batlle y Ordóñez dies. President of Uruguay (1903-1907 and 1911-1915)
- 1931 - Mickey Mantle was born (d. 1995). Baseball player.
- 1932 - Rosey Brown was born (d. 2004). American football player.
- 1935 - The Long March ends. Just over a year after the start of the Long March, Mao Zedong arrives in Hanoi in northwest China with 8000 survivors, and sets up Chinese Communist headquarters. In October of 1934, the Communist leader Mao and over 100,000 of his followers began an epic flight from the vastly superior Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek. In a retreat known as the Long March, Mao's forces battled their way across 6,000 miles of territory, before finally reaching safety in Hanoi/ Termina a Longa Marcha, de mais de 9.000 quilómetros, realizada pelo Exército do Partido Comunista Chinês, dirigido por Mao-Tse-Tung, em fuga do exército de Chiang Kai-shek.
- 1935 - Jerry Orbach was born (d. 2004). American actor.
- 1935 - Arthur Henderson dies (b. 1863). Scottish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1936 - Anne Sullivan dies (b. 1866). American teacher.
- 1937 - Juan Marichal was born. Baseball player
- 1941 - World War II: Thousands of civilians in Kragujevac in German-occupied Serbia are killed in the Kragujevac massacre.
- 1942 - Earl Hindman was born (d. 2003). American actor.
- 1942 - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard was born in Magdeburg (d. 1995) German biologist who awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with the Americans Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus) for their discoveries concerning "the genetic control of early embryonic development".
- 1944 - Guatemala Revolution: The overthrow of Jorge Ubico y Castaneda.
- 1944 - Liquid natural gas leaks from storange tanks in Cleveland, then explodes; the explosion and resulting fire level 30 blocks and kill 130.
- 1944 - General Douglas MacArthur fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he commands an Allied assault on the islands, reclaiming them from the Japanese during the Second World War.
- 1945 - Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon form the Arab League to present a unified front against the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
- 1945 - Calane da Silva was born in Maputo. Mozambican journalist and writer.
- 1946 - Elfriede Jelinek was born. Austrian writer, laureate of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power". She is best known for her 1983 autobiographical novel Die Klavierspielerin
- 1946 - Anne Murray was born in Springhill Nova Scotia. Country singer, Snowbird
- 1947 - The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of Hollywood, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
- 1949 - Valeri Borzov was born. Ukrainian athlete
- 1950 - Tom Petty was born. American musician
- 1953 - Maria Zilda was born. Brazilian actress
- 1955 - Aaron Pryor was born. American boxer
- 1955 - Publication of The Return of the King, being the last part of The Lord if the Rings
- 1956 - Danny Boyle was born. English film director and actor
- 1958 - Viggo Mortensen was born. American actor
- 1958 - Ivo Pogorelic was born. Croatian pianist
- 1959 - A RTP torna-se membro da UER - União Europeia de Radiodifusão
- 1960 - Konstantin Aseev was born (d. 2004). Chess player.
- 1963 - Julie Payette was born. Canadian astronaut.
- 1964 - Herbert Hoover dies (b. 1874). 31st President of the United States
- 1965 - William Zabka was born. American actor
- 1966 - Stefan Raab was born. German entertainer
- 1966 - Allan Donald was born. South African cricketer
- 1967 - Seven men were convicted in Meridian, Mississipi, of violating the civil rights of three murdered civil rights workers.
- 1967 - A purported bigfoot is filmed by Patterson and Gimlin
- 1967 - Yoshida Shigeru dies (b. 1878). Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1968 - Mamo Wolde wins 16th Olympic marathon (2:20:26.4)
- 1969 - Juan Gonzalez was born. Baseball player
- 1971 - Dannii Minogue was born. Australian-born singer
- 1971 - Snoop Dogg was born. American rapper
- 1971 - The Nepal stock exchange collapses.
- 1972 - Harlow Shapley dies (b. 1885). American astronomer.
- 1973 - The Saturday Night Massacre: President Nixon fires Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox, who is finally fired by Robert Bork.
- 1973 - The Sydney Opera House opens.
- 1973 - The Six Million Dollar Man premieres on ABC.
- 1976 - Tom Wisniewski was born. American guitarist (mxpx)
- 1977 - A plane carrying Lynyrd Skynyrd crashes in Mississippi, killing several band members, including lead singer Ronnie Van Zant and guitarist Steve Gaines.
- 1977 - Steve Gaines dies (b. 1949). American musician (plane crash) (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
- 1977 - Ronnie VanZant dies (b. 1948). American musician (plane crash) (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
- 1978 - Virender Sehwag was born. Indian cricketer.
- 1980 - Robert Whittaker dies (1920). American zoologist
- 1981 - Willis McGahee was born. American football player
- 1982 - St. Louis Cardinals defeat Milwaukee Brewers 6-3 to win 9th World Series Championship.
- 1982 - Nobel prize for economy awarded to George Stigler
- 1982 - Sri Lanka - President Jayewardene re-elected
- 1984 - The Monterey Bay Aquarium opens in Monterey Bay, California.
- 1984 - Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac dies. British physicist who awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933
- 1984 - Carl Ferdinand Cori dies (b. 1896). American biochemist
- 1983 - Peter Dudley dies. British actor
- 1984 - Paul Dirac dies (b. 1902). English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate.
- 1986 - Yitzhak Shamir begins his second office term as Israel's prime minister.
- 1987 - Andrey Kolmogorov dies (b. 1903). Russian mathematician.
- 1987 - Mecha Ortiz dies. Argentinian actress.
- 1989 - Anthony Quayle dies (b. 1913). English actor (Moses, Operation Crossbow)
- 1989 - Brisbane bound coach collides with Semi - Traler North of Grafton NSW (Grafton Bus Crash)
- 1990 - Joel McCrea dies (b. 1905). American actor.
- 1991 - The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3469 homes and apartments, causing more than $2 billion in damage
- 1994 - Burt Lancaster dies (b. 1913). American actor.
- 1996 - Arnoldo Alemán vence as eleições presidenciais na Nicarágua.
- 2000 - Egyptian-born Ali Mohamed, a US citizen who served in the US Army, pleads guilty in New York to helping plan the deadly 07 August 1998 US Embassy bombings in Africa in 1998 that killed 224 people, including 12 from the US.
- 2002 - Eleições no Equador. Álvaro Noboa e Lucio Gutierrez vão disputar a 2ª. volta
- 2002 - Barbara Berjer dies (b. 1920). American actress.
- 2004 - The Boston Red Sox win the American League pennant, defeating the New York Yankees 10-3 in Game 7 of the American League Championship Series, becoming the first team in major league baseball history to recover from a 3-0 postseason series deficit.
- 2003 - Jack Elam dies (b. 1918). American actor.
- 2004 - Boston Red Sox defeated the New York Yankees 10-3 in Game 7 of the 2004 American League Championship Series, becoming the first team in baseball history to overcome a 3-0 series deficit in a best-of-seven series.
- 2004 - Anthony Hecht dies (b. 1923). American poet.
- 2004 - Chuck Hiller dies (b. 1934). Baseball player.
- 2005 - Shirley Horn dies (b. 1934). American singer.
- 2005 - Endon Mahmood dies (b. 1941). First Lady of Malaysia
- 2005 - Eva Svankmajerova dies (b. 1940). Czech artist.
- Bahá'í Faith - Holy Day - Birth of the Báb
- Brasil: Dia do POETA; Dia do Controlador de Tráfego Aéreo.
- Dia Mundial da Osteoporose
- Holidays Guatemala : Revolution Day/Día de la Revolución (1944) / Kenya : Jomo Kenyatta Day
- Portugal: Municipal Holiday in Covilhã / Feriado Municipal da Covilhã.
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