On this day in History - Mar. 13

• 0483 - St. Felix becomes Pope.
• 0607 - 12th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet .
• 0874 - The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople.
• 1138 - Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
• 1271 - Henry of Almain dies (b. 1235). English crusader.
• 1372 - Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans was born (d. 1407). Brother of Charles VI of France
• 1395 - John Barbour dies. Scottish poet .
• 1516 - King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary dies (b. 1456).
• 1569 - Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé dies (b. 1530). French Huguenot general.
• 1573 - Michel de l'Hôpital dies. French statesman.
• 1599 - Johannes Berchmans was born in Belgium. Jesuit, saint.
• 1604 - Arnaud d'Ossat dies (b. 1537). French diplomat and writer.
• 1615 - Pope Innocent XII was born (d. 1700).
• 1619 - Richard Burbage dies (b. 1567). English actor.
• 1634 - Academie Francaise was established. Its task was to preserve the purity of the French language, which included maintaining a dictionary.
• 1639 - Harvard University is named for a clergyman named John Harvard.
• 1642 - The marquis de Cinq-Mars, a favourite of King Louis XIII of France, signed a secret treaty with King Philip IV of Spain in a plot to overthrow Cardinal de Richelieu.
• 1683 - John Theophilus Desaguliers was born (d. 1744). French-British philosopher.
• 1700 - Michel Blavet was born (d. 1768). French flutist.
• 1711 - Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux dies (b. 1636). French poet and critic.
• 1719 - John Griffin Whitwell, 4th Baron Howard de Walden was born (d. 1797). British field marshal.
• 1720 - Charles Bonnet was born (d. 1793). Swiss naturalist and writer.
• 1733 - Joseph Priestley was born (d. 1804). English chemist, author and clergyman. He is credited with the discovery of oxygen.
• 1741 - Joseph II was born (d. 1790). Archiduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor.
• 1763 - Guillaume Marie Anne Brune was born (d. 1815). French soldier.
• 1764 - Earl Grey was born (d. 1845). Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was born, obtainer of a popular bergamot tea recipe [nothingandall webmaster comment: great tea i love it].
• 1770 - Daniel Lambert was born (d. 1809). Englishman famous for his obesity.
• 1773 - Philibert Commerçon dies (b. 1727). French naturalist and explorer.
  
• 1777 - Portugal : Nomeação dos novos secretários de estado, em substituição do Marquês de Pombal. Começo do que é considerado a "Viradeira."
• 1777 - Charles Lot Church was born (d. 1864). Nova Scotia politician.
  
• 1778 - Charles le Beau dies (b. 1701). French historian.
• 1781 - William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.
• 1781 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel was born (d. 1841). German architect.
• 1784 - Jean Moufot was born (d. 1842). French philosopher and mathematician.
• 1798 - Abigail Fillmore was born (d. 1853). First Lady of the United States.
  
• 1803 - William Emes dies (b. 1729 or 1730). English landscape architect.
• 1808 - King Christian VII of Denmark dies (b. 1749).
• 1809 - Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is disposed in a Coup d'Etat.
• 1813 - Lorenzo Delmonico, was born in Marengo, Switzerland (d. 1881). For nearly 50 years Lorenzo Delmonico operated the foremost and largest restaurant in the United States.
• 1815 - James Curtis Hepburn was born (d. 1911). American missionary and linguist.
• 1825 - Hans Gude was born (d. 1903). Norwegian romanticist landscape painter.
  
• 1828 - D. Miguel dissolve a Câmara dos Deputados estabelecida pela Carta Constitucional outorgada por D. Pedro IV.
• 1842 - Henry Shrapnel dies (b. 1761). British soldier and inventor.
• 1845 - Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.
• 1846 - Ballinglass Incident: eviction of 300 tenants at the village of Ballinglass in Ireland during the Irish Potato famine.
• 1854 - Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villèle dies (b. 1773). French statesman.
• 1855 - B. H. Roberts was born (d. 1933). Mormon leader, historian, and politician.
  
• 1855 - Percival Lowell was born (d. 1916). American astronomer.
• 1860 - Hugo Wolf was born (d. 1903). Austrian composer.
• 1862 - American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
• 1864 - Alexej von Jawlensky was born (d. 1941). Russian impressionist painter.
• 1865 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America reluctantly agrees to the use of African American troops.
• 1870 - William Glackens was born. American artist, whose paintings of street scenes and urban life rejected the dictates of 19th-century academic art and introduced a matter-of-fact realism into U.S. art.
• 1870 - Albert Meyer was born (d. 1953). Member of the Swiss Federal Council in the 1930s.
• 1878 - José Maria Tristão Leitão da Cunha was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (d. 1942). Journalist, essayst and poet.
• 1879 - Realizou-se o casamento do Príncipe Arthur de inglaterra com a Duqueza Louise Margaret da Prússia.
• 1879 - Adolf Anderssen dies (b. 1818). German chess player.
• 1880 - Frank Thiess was born in Eluisenstein bei Uexküll/Livland (d. 22 Dec 1977). Writer.
• 1881 - Tsar Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. (Gregorian date: it was 1 March in the Julian calendar then in use in Russia).
• 1883 - Enrico Toselli was born (d. 1926). Italian (Florentine) composer and pianist.
• 1884 - Leland Stanford, Jr. dies (b. 1868). Namesake of Stanford University.
• 1884 - The siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins (ends on January 26, 1885).
• 1884 - Oskar Loerke was born (d. 24 Feb 1941). German lyricist, narrator and essayst.
• 1884 - Sir Hugh Walpole was born (d. 1941). English novelist.
• 1890 - Fritz Busch was born (d. 1951). German conductor.
  
• 1897 - San Diego State University founded.
• 1898 - Henry Hathaway was born (d. 1985). American film director and producer.
• 1899 - Jan Lechon was born (d. 1956). Polish poet.
• 1899 - John Hasbrouck van Vleck was born (d. 1980). American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• 1900 - Second Boer War: British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State.
• 1900 - In France the length of the workday for women and children is limited to 11 hours by law.
• 1900 - Béla Guttman was born (d. 1981). Hungarian footballer and coach.
• 1900 - Giorgos Seferis was born. Turkish-born poet, Nobel prize laureate.
• 1901 - Benjamin Harrison dies (b. 1833). 23rd President of the United States.
  
• 1905 - Margaretha Zelle made her debut as the oriental dancer “Mata Hari,” in Paris.
• 1906 - Susan B. Anthony dies (b. 1820). Civil rights and women's suffrage activist.
• 1907 - Dona Maria Pia de Braganca was born. Pretender to the Portuguese throne.
• 1907 - Mircea Eliade was born (d. 1986). Romanian historian of religions and writer.
• 1908 - Walter Annenberg was born (d. 2002). American publisher and philanthropist.
• 1908 - Helen Sinclair Glatz was born. Musician.
• 1910 - Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt was born (d. 1985). Danish actor.
  
• 1910 - Sammy Kaye was born in Rocky River Ohio (d. 1987). American musician, Orch leader (Sammy Kaye Show).
• 1910 - Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt was born (d. 1985). Danish actor.
• 1911 - L. Ron Hubbard was born (d. 1986). American author.
• 1911 - John J. Toffey dies (b. 1844). American Civil War Medal of Honor Recipient.
• 1912 - João Braz was born (d. 1993). Portuguese poet, journalist and writer.
• 1913 - William Casey was born (d. 1987). Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
• 1913 - Lambros Konstantaras was born (d. 1985). Greek actor.
• 1913 - Tessie (Teresa) O'Shea was born in Cardiff, Wales (d. 21 Apr 1995, Leesburg, Florida, USA). Actress (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde). Won Broadway's Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Musical) for her rousing interpretation of a fish-and-chips seller in "The Girl Who Came to Supper."
• 1913 - Sergey Mikhalkov was born. Russian writer.
• 1914 - Bobby Haggart was born. Jazz musician.
• 1914 - Edward O'Hare was born (d. 1943). American pilot.
• 1914 - W.O. Mitchell was born (d. 1998). Canadian writer.
• 1916 - Ina Ray Hutton was born, Chicago, IL (d. 19 Feb 1984 Ventura, CA ). The only prominent female bandleader during the Big Band era; orch leader (Ina Ray Hutton Show).
• 1918 - Mário Gibson Barbosa was born (d. 2007). Brazilian diplomat.
• 1918 - César Cui dies (b. 1835). Russian composer.
• 1920 - The Kapp Putsch briefly oust the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.
• 1921 - Mongolia, under Baron Roman Ungern von Sternberg, declares its independence from China.
• 1921 - Al Jaffee was born. American cartoonist.
• 1921 - Mongolia, under Black Baron, declares its independence from China.
• 1923 - José Rafael Santos Nunes Botelho was born. Portuguese architect.
• 1925 - Scopes Trial: A law in Tennessee prohibits the teaching of evolution.
• 1925 - Roy Haynes was born in Boston. Jazz musician (drummer) .
• 1925 - Lucille Ricksen dies (b. 1909). American actress.
• 1926 - Carlos Roberto Reina was born (d. 2003). President of Honduras.
• 1927 - Robert Denning was born (d. 2005). American interior designer.
• 1929 - Peter Breck was born. American actor.
• 1930 - It was announced that the planet Pluto had been discovered by scientist Clyde Tombaugh at the Lowell Observatory.
• 1930 - The news of the discovery of Pluto is telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory.
• 1930 - Liz Anderson was born in Roseau, Minnesota, singer.
• 1930 - Jan Howard [Lula Grace Johnson] was born in West Plains, Missouri. Country music singer.
• 1931 - Rosalind Elias was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, USA, American mezzo-soprano
• 1933 - Great Depression: Banks in the United States begin to re-open after the Presidentially mandated "bank holiday".
• 1933 - Mike Stoller was born. Musician Leiber & Stoller.
• 1934 - Barry Hughart was born. American author.
• 1934 - Dick Katz was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Jazz musician.
• 1935 - Joseph Mascolo was born. American actor.
• 1935 - Leslie Parrish was born. American actress.
• 1935 - Michael Walzer was born. American philosopher.
• 1937 - Rogério Ceitil was born. Portuguese film director.
• 1938 - World News Roundup is broadcast for the first time on CBS Radio in the United States.
• 1938 - Erma Franklin was born (d. 2002). American singer.
• 1938 - Clarence Darrow dies (b. 1857). American attorney.
• 1938 - Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin dies (b. 1888). Soviet politician and intellectual.
• 1939 - Neil Sedaka was born. American singer and songwriter, singer.
• 1940 - The Russo-Finnish Winter War ended.
• 1941 - Mahmoud Darwish was born (d. 2008). Palestinian prominent poet and writer of prose.
• 1941 - Elizabeth Madox Roberts was born (d. 1881). American poet and novelist.
• 1942 - Dave Cutler was born. American software engineer.
• 1942 - Geoffrey Hayes was born. English television presenter and actor.
• 1942 - Scatman John was born (d. 1999). American singer.
• 1943 - World War II: In Bougainville, Japanese troops end their assault on American forces at Hill 700.
• 1943 - The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.
• 1943 - André Téchiné was born. French film director and screenwriter.
• 1943 - Stephen Vincent Benét dies (b. 1898). American author.
• 1944 - Cacaso was born (d. 1987). Brazilian writer.
  
• 1945 - Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko was born. Ukrainian-Russian mathematician.
• 1945 - Michael Martin Murphey was born. American musician.
• 1946 - Yonatan Netanyahu was born (d. 1976). Israeli soldier.
• 1947 - 19th Academy Awards held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Actor/producer/comedian Jack Benny hosted the glittering gala. "The Best Years of Our Lives" won Oscars for Best Director (William Wyler); Actor (Fredric March); Supporting Actor (Harold Russell); Film Editing (Daniel Mandell); Screenplay (Robert E. Sherwood); and a shared award with "The Jolson Story" for Best Score. Other awards for the best of 1946: Actress: Olivia de Havilland in "To Each His Own", and Actress in a Supporting Role: Anne Baxter in "The Razor’s Edge". The Best Song was "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" (from "The Harvey Girls") by Johnny Mercer and Harry Warren. Foreign-made films showed up in these Oscars, bringing an end to Hollywood’s then exclusive rights to the coveted awards. Of the foreign movies nominated, three were British ("Henry V" - producer, Laurence Olivier; "Brief Encounter" starring Celia Johnson; "Perfect Strangers" which won the Oscar for Best Writing/Original Story [Clemence Dane]), one was French ("Les Enfants du paradis", an original screenplay by Jacques Prévert) and one Italian ("Roma, città aperta", screenplay written by Sergio Amidei, Federico Fellini).
• 1947 - Beat Richner was born. Swiss pediatrician in Cambodia, cellist.
• 1948 - Robert S. Woods was born. American actor.
• 1949 - Hiroshi Kazato was born (d. 1974). Japanese racing driver.
• 1949 - Julia Migenes was born. American soprano.
• 1949 - Henri Giraud dies (b. 1879). French general.
• 1950 - Charles Krauthammer was born. American political commentator.
• 1950 - William H. Macy was born. American actor.
• 1951 - Fred Berry was born (d. 2003). American actor and dancer.
• 1952 - Wolfgang Rihm was born. German composer.
• 1953 - Deborah Raffin was born. American actress.
• 1954 - The Baroness Amos was born. British politician, first black woman in the UK Cabinet.
• 1954 - Battle of Dien Bien Phu: Viet Minh forces attack the French.
• 1955 - Bruno Conti was born. Italian footballer.
• 1955 - Glenne Headly was born. American actress.
• 1955 - Tribhuvan dies (b. 1906). King of Nepal.
• 1956 - Dana Delany was born. American actress.
• 1957 - The FBI arrests Jimmy Hoffa and charges him with bribery.
• 1957 - Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.
• 1957 - John Hoeven was born. American politician, governor of North Dakota.
  
• 1957 - Steve Lake was born. American baseball player.
• 1958 - Linda Robson was born. English actress.
• 1959 - Kathy Hilton was born. Socialite-Hilton Hotels, mother of Nikki Hilton and Paris Hilton.
• 1960 - Adam Clayton was born. English bassist for the rock band U2.
• 1960 - Joe Ranft was born (d. 2005). Pixar animator.
• 1960 - Yuri Andrukhovych was born. Ukrainian writer, poet and political essayist.
• 1961 - Pablo Picasso (79) marries his model Jacqueline Rocque (37).
• 1962 - Lyman Lemnitzer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the USA, proposes a document, called Operation Northwoods, regarding performing terrorist attacks in Guantanamo Bay to Secretary of Defense Robert Mcnamara. The proposal is scrapped and President John F. Kennedy removes Lemnitzer from his position.
• 1963 - Fito Páez was born. Argentine musician and songwriter.
• 1964 - Will Clark was born. American baseball player.
• 1964 - A young woman, Kitty Genovese is murdered in front of multiple witnesses who all fail to help her, in an incident which shocks the world and prompts investigation into the Bystander effect.
• 1965 - Corrado Gini dies (b. 1884). Italian statistician.
• 1965 - Fan S. Noli dies (b. 1882). Albanian bishop, poet and political figure.
• 1965 - UNITA is founded in Angola.
• 1967 - Andrés Escobar was born (d. 1994). Colombian footballer.
• 1967 - Billy Corgan was born. Musician, songwriter.
• 1968 - Akira Nogami was born. Japanese professional wrestler.
• 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.
• 1970 - Tim Story was born. American film director.
• 1971 - In New York City, Rock group The Allman Brothers Band record a concert that will be released as their classic live album At Fillmore East.
• 1971 - Annabeth Gish was born. American actress.
• 1971 - Robert Lanham was born. American author and satirist.
• 1971 - Rockwell Kent dies (b.1882). Artist, illustrator and printmaker. He was a member of the rugged realist school of landscape painters. In the 1930s he created a set of illustrations for “Moby Dick.” In 1960 he donated 80 paintings and 800 watercolors to the people of the Soviet Union.
• 1972 - Common was born. American rapper.
• 1972 - Tony Ray-Jones dies (b. 1941). British photographer.
• 1973 - Syria adopts constitution.
• 1973 - Bobby Jackson was born. American basketballer.
• 1973 - David Draiman was born. American musician and songwriter (Disturbed).
• 1973 - Edgar Davids was born. Dutch footballer.
• 1974 - Cillian Murphy was born. Irish actor.
• 1974 - Tatiana Cibele Mendonca Pereira was born. Brazilian educator and author.
• 1974 - Thomas Enqvist was born. Swedish tennis player.
• 1974 - Vampeta was born. Brazilian footballer.
• 1975 - Ivo Andrić dies (b. 1892). Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate.
• 1976 - Danny Masterson was born. American actor.
• 1976 - James Dewees was born. American musician.
• 1977 - Ed Sloan was born. American musician (Crossfade).
• 1977 - Kay Tse was born. Hong Kong singer.
• 1977 - Momo Sylla was born. Guinean footballer.
• 1978 - Karina Smirnoff was born. Ukrainian dancer.
• 1978 - Kenny Watson was born. American football player.
• 1978 - Pedro Lopes Martins was born. Portuguese poet.
  
• 1978 - Tom Danielson was born. American cyclist.
• 1979 - The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts Prime Minister Eric Gairy in a nearly bloodless coup d'etat in Grenada.
• 1979 - European Monetary System was established, ECU created.
• 1979 - Cedric Van Branteghem was born. Belgian athlete.
• 1979 - Johan Santana was born. Venezuelan baseball player.
• 1979 - Spanky G was born. American musician (Bloodhound Gang).
• 1980 - Caron Butler was born. American basketballer.
• 1980 - Lee Jung-hyun was born. South Korean pop singer and actress.
• 1980 - Molly Stanton was born. American actress.
• 1981 - Stephen Maguire was born. Scottish snooker player.
• 1983 - Mallory R. Evans was born. American writer and artist.
• 1983 - Kaitlin Sandeno was born. American swimmer.
• 1983 - Louison Bobet dies (b. 1925). French cyclist.
• 1984 - Marc Zwiebler was born. German badminton player.
• 1984 - Matthew Randazzo V was born. American writer.
  
• 1984 - Noel Fisher was born. Canadian actor.
• 1984 - Pieter Custers was born. Dutch athlete.
• 1984 - Rachael Bella was born. American actress.
• 1984 - Steve Darcis was born. Belgian tennis player.
• 1984 - Yuuka Nanri was born. Japanese seiyū.
• 1985 - Alcides was born. Brazilian footballer.
• 1985 - Austin Scott was born. American football player.
• 1985 - Emile Hirsch was born. American actor.
• 1986 - Microsoft has its Initial public offering.
• 1986 - Soviet cosmonauts Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyev were sent aloft aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to rendezvous with the space station Mir and become its first occupants.
• 1986 - Chiaki Kyan was born. Japanese gravure idol.
• 1986 - Natalie and Nicole Albino was born. American musicians (Nina Sky).
• 1987 - The president of Ecuador announced his country had suspended payments on its foreign debt after earthquakes killed hundreds of people and ruptured the country's main oil pipeline. The quake destroyed nearly 25 miles of oil pipeline.
• 1987 - Marco Andretti was born. American racecar driver (grandson of Mario Andretti).
• 1988 - I. King Jordan becomes the first Deaf president of Gallaudet University after the Deaf President Now demonstrations.
• 1988 - 14th People's Choice Awards: Fatal Attraction and Bill Cosby win.
• 1988 - John Holmes dies (b. 1944). American actor.
• 1989 - A geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. Six million people were left without power for nine hours.
• 1989 - Harry Melling was born. British actor.
• 1990 - Bruno Bettelheim dies (suicide). Austrian-American psychoanalyst.
• 1990 - Karl Münchinger dies (b. 1915). German conductor.
• 1991 - The United States Justice Department announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1,000 million for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
• 1991 - Karl Münchinger dies (b. 1915). German conductor.
• 1992 - In eastern Turkey, an earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter scale kills over 500.
• 1993 - The Great Blizzard of 1993 strikes the eastern U.S., bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Québec.
• 1995 - 9th Soul Train Music Awards: Boyz II Men, Anita Baker win.
• 1995 - Leon Day dies (b. 1916). American baseball player.
• 1995 - Odette dies (b. 1912). French-born WWII heroine.
• 1996 - The Dunblane Massacre: in Dunblane, Scotland, 16 children and 1 adult teacher are shot dead by Thomas Hamilton (43) who then commits suicide.
• 1996 - Krzysztof Kieślowski dies (b. 1941). Polish film director.
• 1996 - Ruy Teixeira Guerra dies (b. 1903). Portuguese diplomat.
• 1997 - India's Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader.
• 1997 - In Phoenix, Arizona, USA, the Phoenix Lights, one of the most widely witnessed UFO sightings, take place.
• 1998 - Bill Reid dies (b. 1920). Canadian artist.
• 1998 - Risen Star dies (b. 1985). Famous race horse.
• 1998 - Hans von Ohain dies (b. 1911). German engineer.
• 1999 - In Indonesia the National Front Party of prime minister Mahathir Mohamad won elections in oil-rich Sabah state with 25 of the 48 seats.
• 1999 - Wiktoria Gąsiewska was born. Polish actress.
• 1999 - Lee Falk dies (b. 1911). American cartoonist.
• 1999 - Garson Kanin dies in New York. American playwright and film director.
• 1999 - Bidu Sayao dies (b. 1902). Brazilian soprano.
• 2002 - In Zimbabwe Pres. Mugabe was declared the winner with 1.6 million votes to Tsvangirai’s 1.2 mil. The opposition apposed the results and many observers escribed the process as deeply flawed.
• 2002 - Hans-Georg Gadamer dies (b. 1900). German philosopher.
• 2003 - Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints have been found in Italy.
• 2004 - Franz König dies (b. 1905). Austrian Catholic Archbishop of Vienna.
• 2005 - Terry Ratzmann shoots and kills six members of the Living Church of God and the minister at Sheraton Inn in Brookfield, Wisconsin before killing himself.
• 2005 - Taïra Yoshihisa dies (b. 1937). Japanese-born French composer.
• 2006 - Earthquake struck Salta, Argentina.
• 2006 - Six men in London are hospitalised during trials of the drug TGN1412, raising concerns about testing on humans.
• 2006 - Jimmy Johnstone dies (b. 1944). Scottish footballer.
• 2006 - Peter Tomarken dies (b. 1942). American game show host (Press Your Luck).
• 2006 - Maureen Stapleton dies (b. 1925). American actress.
• 2007 - The Bank of England launched a new £20 note, featuring the Scottish economist Adam Smith. It was the first note in the new Series F banknotes.
• 2007 - Arnold Skaaland dies (b. 1925). American professional wrestler.
• 2008 - Gold prices on the New York Mercantile Exchange hit $1,000 an ounce for the first time.
• Roman Catholic Church: Saint Gerald, Saint Nicephorus, Saint Roderick, Saint Salomon, Saint Eufrasia, Saint Modesta, Saint Leticia.
• Greek Orthodox Church - Feast day of Saint Nicephorus.