On this day in History - Oct. 21
- 0310 - Pope Eusebius dies.
- 1096 – Turkish army annihilates the People's Army of the West, People's Crusade
- 1125 - Cosmas of Prague dies (b.1045).
- 1147 - Lisboa cercada por D. Afonso Henriques e uma força de cruzados rende-se.
- 1187 - Election of Pope Gregory VIII.
- 1221 - Alix of Thouars dies (b. 1201). Duchess of Brittany.
- 1266 - Birger jarl dies (b. 1210). Swedish statesman and founder of Stockholm.
- 1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China was born (d. 1398).
- 1422 - Charles VI dies (b. 1368). King of France.
- 1449 - George, Duke of Clarence was born (d. 1478). Brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus lands on the San Salvador Islands.
- 1500 - Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan dies (b. 1442).
- 1505 - Paul Scriptoris dies. German mathematician.
- 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
- 1527 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise was born (d. 1578). French cardinal.
- 1556 - Pietro Aretino dies. Italian writer.
- 1558 - Julius Caesar Scaliger dies (b. 1484). Italian humanist scholar.
- 1581 - Domenico Zampieri was born (d. 1641). Italian painter.
- 1600 - Toda Katsushige dies (b. 1557). Japanese warlord.
- 1600 - Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa hogunate, who in effect rule Japan until the mid-Nineteenth century.
- 1623 - William Wade dies (b. 1546). English statesman and diplomat.
- 1650 - Jean Bart was born (d. 1702). French admiral.
- 1660 - Georg Ernst Stahl was born (d. 1734). German scientist.
- 1662 - Henry Lawes dies (b. 1595). English composer.
- 1675 - Emperor Higashiyama of Japan was born (d. 1710).
- 1687 - Nicolaus I Bernoulli was born (d. 1759). Swiss mathematician.
- 1687 - Sir Edmund Waller dies (b. 1606). English poet.
- 1712 - Sir James Denham Steuart, 4th Baronet was born (d. 1780). British economist.
- 1725 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy was born (d. 1801). Austrian field marshal.
- 1757 - Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione was born (d. 816). French marshal
- 1762 - Herman Willem Daendels was born (d. 1818). Dutch statesman.
- 1760 - Katsushka Hokusai was born. Japanese painter and printmaker.
- 1765 - Giovanni Paolo Pannini dies (b. 1691). Italian painter and architect.
- 1772 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born (d. 1834). British poet ("Rime of the Ancient Mariner," 1798)."
- 1774 - First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts and which was in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.
- 1775 - Giuseppe Baini was born (d. 1844). Italian composer.
- 1775 - Peyton Randolph dies (b. 1721). American president of the Continental Congress.
- 1777 - Samuel Foote dies (b. 1720). English dramatist and actor.
- 1790 - Alphonse de Lamartine was born (d. 1869). French writer.
- 1797 - In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar - a British fleet led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signalled the virtual end of French maritime power and left Britain navally unchallenged until the twentieth century / Batalha de Trafalgar. A frota britânica, comandada pelo almirante Nelson, derrota a frota conjunta franco-espanhola, comandada pelo almirante francês Villeneuve.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grand Army of Napoleon at Ulm, reaping Napoleon over 30,000 prisoners and inflicting 10,000 casualties on the losers. Ulm was considered to be one of Napoleon's finest hours.
- 1805 - Horatio Nelson dies in battle (b. 1758). British admiral.
- 1817 - Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher was born (d. 1894). German economist.
- 1833 - Alfred Nobel was born (d. 1896). Swedish inventor of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prize.
- 1838 - Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB) is founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- 1845 - Ulises Heureaux was born. President of Dominican Republic.
- 1847 - The Sonderbund War between Catholics and Protestants begins in Switzerland.
- 1847 - Giuseppe Giacosa was born (d. 1906). Italian writer.
- 1850 - Salomé Ureña de Henríquez was born (d. 1897). Dominican poet.
- 1851 - George Ulyett was born (d. 1898). British cricketer.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
- 1861 - The first South American railroad line is inaugurated in Paraguay.
- 1867 - Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty - Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
- 1872 - Jacques Babinet dies (b. 1794). French physicist.
- 1873 - Johann Sebastian Welhaven dies (b. 1807). Norwegian poet.
- 1878 - Arthur_Scherbius was born (d. 1929). German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine.
- 1879 - Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasted 13 1/2 hours before burning out).
- 1889 - Visconde de Mauá (Irineu Evangelista de Sousa) dies (b. 1813). Brazilian industrialist and politician.
- 1892 - Opening ceremonies for the World's Columbian Exposition were held in Chicago, though because construction was behind schedule, the exposition did not open until May 1, 1893.
- 1895 - The Republic of Formosa collapses as Japanese forces invade.
- 1895 - Edna Purviance was born (d. 1958). American actress.
- 1896 - James Henry Greathead dies (b. 1844). British engineer.
- 1904 - Patrick Kavanagh was born (d. 1967). Irish poet.
- 1904 - Isabelle Eberhardt dies (b. 1877). Swiss explorer and writer.
- 1911 - Berta Cardoso was born (d. 1997). Portuguese singer (fado).
- 1911 - G. Frederick Reinhardt was born (d. 23 Feb 1971). American diplomat, US Ambassador to Italy, 1961-68
- 1912 - Sir Georg Solti was born (d. 1997). Hungarian conductor
- 1912 - Alfredo Pián was born (d. 1990). Argentine racing driver.
- 1914 - Martin Gardner was born. American writer.
- 1917 - Lindanor Celina was born (d. 2003). Brazilian writer.
- 1917 - Dizzy Gillespie was born (d. 1993). American musician, trumpet player and composer.
- 1921 - Sir Malcolm Arnold was born. British composer.
- 1921 - Victor A. McKusick was born (d. 22 Jul 2008). American scientist, father of medical genetics.
- 1921 - President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south.
- 1924 - Celia Cruz was born (d. 2003). Cuban singer.
- 1928 - Whitey Ford was born. Baseball player.
- 1928 - José Maria Pedroto was born in Almocave, Lamego (d. 8 Jan 1895). Portuguese football coach.
- 1929 - Ursula K. Le Guin was born. American author ("Left Hand of Darkness," 1969).
- 1931 - Arthur Schnitzler dies (b. 1862). Austrian writer.
- 1934 - Dóris Monteiro was born. Brazilian singer.
- 1938 - Carl Brewer was born (d. 2001). National Hockey League defenseman.
- 1940 - Geoff Boycott was born. British cricketer.
- 1940 - Manfred Mann was born. British musician.
- 1940 - William G. Conley dies (b. 1866). Governor of West Virginia.
- 1941 - Steve Cropper was born. American musician.
- 1941 - 7000 Serbs was shot in Kragujevac, Serbia by Nazi Germans.
- 1942 - Elvin Bishop was born. American musician.
- 1942 - Judy Sheindlin was born. American judge and television host.
- 1942 - Allan Grice was born. Australian racing driver.
- 1943 - Brian Piccolo was born (d. 1970). American football player.
- 1944 - The first kamikaze attack: HMAS Australia was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a 200 kg (441 pound) bomb off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
- 1944 - Alois Kayser dies (b. 1877). German missionary to Nauru.
- 1945 - Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
- 1945 - Everett McGill was born. American actor.
- 1946 - Jim Hill was born. American sportscaster.
- 1946 - Lux Interior was born. American singer (The Cramps).
- 1946 - Lee Loughnane was born. American musician.
- 1947 - 21 die as a fire destroys an asylum in Hoff, Germany.
- 1948 - Shaye Cohen was born. Historian and Professor at Harvard University.
- 1949 - Benjamin Netanyahu was born. 9th Prime Minister of Israel.
- 1949 - Mike Keenan was born. Canadian hockey coach/GM.
- 1949 - Michel Brière was born (d. 1971). National Hockey League player.
- 1950 - Chinese forces occupied Tibet.
- 1950 - Ronald McNair was born (d. 1986). American astronaut.
- 1952 - Trevor Chappell was born. Australian Cricketer.
- 1952 - Brent Mydland was born (d. 1990). American keyboardist (Grateful Dead).
- 1952 - Allen Hoey was born. American poet and novelist.
- 1953 - Charlotte Caffey was born. American musician (The Go-Go's).
- 1953 - Peter Mandelson was born. British politician.
- 1953 - Keith Green was born (d. 1982). American musician.
- 1954 - The first part of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring is published in the U.S.A..
- 1954 - Brian Tobin was born. Canadian politician, former premier of Newfoundland.
- 1955 - Rich Mullins was born (d. 1997). American musician.
- 1956 - Carrie Fisher was born. American actress and writer.
- 1957 - Julian Cope was born. English musician and writer.
- 1957 - Wolfgang Ketterle was born. German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate.
- 1957 - Steve Lukather was born. American musician.
- 1957 - The movie Jailhouse Rock, starring Elvis Presley, opens.
- 1959 - In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum opens to the public. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
- 1959 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.
- 1959 - George Bell was born. Dominican baseball player.
- 1959 - Ken Watanabe was born. Japanese actor.
- 1959 - Rose McDowall was born. Scottish musician.
- 1959 - Tony Ganios was born. American Actor.
- 1961 - President Gamal Abdel Nasser confiscates property of wealthy Egyptians.
- 1962 - David Campese was born. Australian rugby player.
- 1963 - Fundação da Confederação Européia de Voleibol.
- 1963 - Józef Franczak dies (b. 1918). Last cursed soldier - anticommunist underground in Poland.
- 1965 - Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the sun.
- 1965 - Helen Schucman commits the first lines of A Course in Miracles to paper.
- 1965 - Ion Andoni Goikoetxea was born. Spanish footballer.
- 1965 - John F. Jewell was born. American artist and lawyer.
- 1965 - Bill Black dies (b. 1926). American musician.
- 1966 - Aberfan disaster: A coal tip falls on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, DC. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility (event lasts until October 23; 683 people will be arrested). Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
- 1967 - Paul Ince was born. English football player.
- 1968 - Pagette Davenport Persad was born. American scientist.
- 1968 - Melora Walters was born. American actress.
- 1969 - A coup d'état in Somalia brings Siad Barre to power.
- 1969 - Derrick Carter was born. DJ and producer.
- 1969 - Michael Hancoch was born. Australian rugby league footballer.
- 1969 - Mo Lewis was born. American football linebacker.
- 1969 - Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was born. Crown prince of Bahrain.
- 1969 - Waclaw Sierpinski dies (b. 1882). Polish mathematician.
- 1969 - Jack Kerouac dies (b. 1922). American novelist.
- 1969 - Willy Brandt is elected Chancellor of West Germany.
- 1970 - Louis Koo was born. Hong Kong actor.
- 1971 - Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams".
- 1971 - Damien Martyn was born. Australian cricketer.
- 1971 - Nick Oliveri was born. American musician.
- 1971 - Jade Jagger was born. Socialite and jewelery designer.
- 1971 - Paul Norman Telfer was born. Scottish footballer.
- 1972 - Matthew Friedberger was born. American musician (The Fiery Furnaces).
- 1972 - Evhen Tsybulenko was born. Ukrainian professor of international law.
- 1972 - Felicity Andersen was born. Australian actress.
- 1972 - Saffron Burrows was born. English actress.
- 1972 - Masakazu Morita was borm. Seiyu and actor.
- 1973 - John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it doesn't arrive until November 8.
- 1973 - Lera Auerbach was born. Russian composer.
- 1973 - Charlie Lowell was born. American musician.
- 1973 - Nasif Estéfano dies (b. 1932). Argentine racing driver.
- 1975 - Toby Hall was born. American baseball player.
- 1975 - Hilário was born. Portuguese footballer (goal-keeper).
- 1975 - Charles Reidpath dies (b. 1887). American athlete.
- 1976 - Saul Bellow won the Nobel Prize for literature, the first American honored since John Steinbeck in 1962.
- 1976 - Keith Moon plays his last public show with The Who. He died in 1978.
- 1976 - Lavinia Miloşovici was born. Romanian gymnast.
- 1976 - Jeremy Miller was born. American TV actor.
- 1976 - Mélanie Turgeon was born. French Canadian alpine skier.
- 1976 - Josh Ritter was born. American musician.
- 1977 - Meat Loaf's hit album Bat Out of Hell is released under Epic's Cleveland International Records.
- 1977 - The European Patent Institute is founded.
- 1978 - Australian civilian pilot Frederick Valentich vanishes in a Cessna 182 over the Bass Strait south of Melbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft.
- 1978 - Jessica Jones was born. American costume designer.
- 1978 - Joey Harrington was born. American football player.
- 1978 - Will Estes was born. American actor.
- 1978 - Anastas Mikoyan dies (b. 1895). Soviet politician.
- 1979 - Norwegian Greta Waitz wins woman participation in NYC marathon (02:27:33)
- 1979 - Gabe Gross was born. American baseball player.
- 1979 - Khalil Greene was born. American baseball player.
- 1979 - Alziro Zarur dies (b. 1914). Brazilian radio personality. Founder of Legião da Boa Vontade (LBV) (Good Will Legion).
- 1980 - Brian Pittman was born. American musician (Inhale Exhale, formerly of Relient K)
- 1980 - Kim Kardashian was born. American socialite.
- 1980 - Hans Asperger dies (b. 1906). Austrian psychologist.
- 1981 - Nemanja Vidic was born. Serbian footballer.
- 1982 - Sinn Fein triumph in elections: Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness make history as they become the first members of Sinn Fein to be elected to the Ulster Assembly.
- 1982 - James White was born. American basketball player.
- 1982 - Matt Dallas was born. American actor.
- 1983 - The metre is defined at the seventeenth General Conference on Weights and Measures in terms of the speed of light as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
- 1983 - Andy Marté was born. Dominican baseball player.
- 1983 - Ninette Tayeb was born. Israeli singer.
- 1983 - Zack Greinke was born. American baseball player.
- 1984 - Steve Jones runs Chicago Marathon in world record 2:08:05
- 1984 - Alain Prost (Equipe McLaren) vence o Grande Prêmio de Estoril de F1 e Nikki Lauda sagra-se Campeão do Mundo pela 3ª. vez
- 1984 - Anouk Leblanc-Boucher was born. French Canadian short track speed skater.
- 1984 - Kieran Richardson was born. British footballer.
- 1984 - Kenny Cooper was born. American soccer player.
- 1984 - Marvin Mitchell was born. American football player.
- 1984 - François Truffaut dies (b. 1932). French film director.
- 1985 - Aisha Jambo was born. Brazilian actress.
- 1986 - Alex Kew was born. British child actor.
- 1986 - Marshall Islands becomes independent.
- 1986 - In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he will be released in August 1991).
- 1986 - Ilhas Marshall becomes independent.
- 1986 - Christopher Uckermann was born. Mexican actor and singer in the Latin pop group RBD.
- 1986 - Chibuzor Chilaka was born. English footballer.
- 1986 - Alex Kew was borm. British actor.
- 1986 - Natalee Holloway was born (d. 2005) U.S teen disappeared in Aruba.
- 1986 - Lionel Murphy dies (b. 1922). Australian politician and judge.
- 1987 - Former Miss America Bess Myerson is arrested on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and mail fraud, all involving an alimony-fixing scandal. She is later found not guilty.
- 1989 - Jean Image dies (b. 1910). Hungarian-born French animator.
- 1990 - The first Apple Day, in Covent Garden, London.
- 1990 - Ricky Rubio was born. Spanish basketball player.
- 1990 - Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar dies (b. 1921). Indian spiritual teacher and social. revolutionary.
- 1992 - Jim Garrison dies (b. 1921). American attorney.
- 1993 - Burundi's National Palace is stormed in a coup and President Melchior Ndadaye is killed.
- 1993 - Gary Kasparov defeated Nigel Short for chess championship.
- 1994 - North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
- 1994 - In Seoul, 32 people are killed when the Seongsu Bridge collapses.
- 1994 - O escritor português Joaquim Manuel Magalhães recebe o Prémio D. Dinis da Fundação da Casa de Mateus.
- 1995 - Dayton Agreement The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 1995 - Shannon Hoon dies (b. 1967). American singer (Blind Melon).
- 1995 - Jesús Blasco dies (b. 1919). Spanish comic book author.
- 1995 - Maxene Andrews dies (b. 1916). American singer (The Andrews Sisters).
- 1996 - Arnoldo Aleman claimed victory over Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua's presidential election.
- 1997 - Hotel owners from the Detroit area meet to discuss Jack Kevorkian's practice of leaving corpses in hotel rooms.
- 1998 - In Guinea-Bissau heavy artillery fire rocked the capital and rebels claimed to have captured Bafata, the 2nd largest town.
- 1999 - In East Timor Jose Alexandre "Xanana" Gusmao, the exiled guerrilla leader, returned to Dili.
- 2000 - About 23,000 Afghan refugees of Tajik descent flee to Pakistan as fighting rages in the northeastern provinces between the ruling Taliban militia and opposition forces.
- 2001 - Anthrax claims third victim in US: A post office worker in Washington becomes the third person to be diagnosed with anthrax.
- 2001 - "United We Stand" benefit concert for September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks victims, held at RFK Stadium in Washington, DC. Event organized and headlined by Michael Jackson, also featuring pop stars Aerosmith, Mariah Carey, The Backstreet Boys, and others.
- 2002 - Violence in Badlapur located in Mumbai Conurbation created a tension in the city resulted in a lot of property damage injuring 4 people.
- 2003 - Images of the dwarf planet Eris are taken and subsequently used in its discovery by the team of Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz.
- 2003 - Fred Berry dies (b. 1951). American actor
- 2003 - Luis A. Ferré dies (b. 1940). Governor of Puerto Rico
- 2003 - Louise Day Hicks dies (b. 1916). American politician
- 2003 - Elliott Smith dies (b. 1969). American musician.
- 2005 - Tara Correa-McMullen dies (b. 1989). American actress.
- 2006 - Waldemar Lopes dies. Brazilian poet.
- 2007 - Paul Fox dies (b. 1951). English musician and singer (The Ruts).
- Trafalgar Day — celebrated throughout much of the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th Century.
- Dia do Ecumenismo (Brasil)
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