On this day in History - Nov. 15

• 0655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
• 0655 - Penda dies. King of Mercia
• 1028 - Constantine VIII dies (b. 0960). Byzantine Emperor
• 1136 - Margrave Leopold III of Austria dies (b. 1073)
• 1280 - Albertus Magnus dies. German leader and bishop Regensburg, teologian.
• 1315 - The Swiss Confederation achieved its first great military success against the Austrian Habsburgs at the Battle of Morgarten.
• 1316 - John I became King of France (would die 4 days later).
• 1397 - Pope Nicholas V was born (d. 1455).
• 1463 - Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini dies. Prince of Taranto and Constable of Naples
• 1498 - Eleonore of Austria was born (d. 1558). Queen of Portugal (1518-1521) and France.
• 1511 - Johannes Secundus was born (d. 1536). Dutch poet.
• 1515 - Thomas Cardinal Wolsey invested as a Cardinal
• 1533 - Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cuzco, Peru.
• 1544 - King Jungjong of Joseon dies (b. 1506).
• 1547 - Francisco de Arruda dies in Évora. Portuguese architect.
• 1556 - Jacques-Davy Duperron was born (d. 1618). French cardinal.
• 1559 - Archduke Albert of Austria was born (d. 1621). Governor of the Low Countries.
• 1579 - Ferenc Dávid dies (b. 1510). Hungarian religious reformer.
• 1607 - Madeleine de Scudéry was born (d. 1701). French writer.
• 1628 - Roque Gonzales dies (b. 1576). Paraguayan missonary.
• 1630 - Johannes Kepler dies (b. 1571). German astronomer and mathematician.
• 1660 - Hermann von der Hardt was born (d. 1746). German historian.
• 1661 - Christoph von Graffenried was born (d. 1743). Swiss settler in America.
• 1670 - Comenius dies (b. 1592). Czech writer.
• 1688 - Louis Bertrand Castel was born (d. 1757). French matematician.
• 1691 - Aelbert Cuyp dies (b. 1620). Dutch painter.
• 1692 - Eusebius Amort was born (d. 1775). German Catholic theologian.
• 1706 - Tsangyang Gyatso dies (b. 1683). 6th Dalai Lama.
• 1708 - William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham was born (d. 1778). English politician.
• 1712 - James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton dies (b. 1658). Scottish nationalist.
• 1712 - Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun dies (b. 1675). English politician.
• 1731 - William Cowper was born (d. 1800). English poet.
• 1738 - William Herschel was born (d. 1822). German-born British astronomer who discovered Uranus
• 1741 - Johann Kaspar Lavater was born (d. 1801). German philosopher.
• 1746 - Joseph Quesnel was born (d. 1809). French Canadian composer and playwright
• 1757 - Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher was born (d. 1830). Danish surgeon
• 1777 - American Revolutionary War: After 16 months of debate the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation.
• 1784 - Jerome Bonaparte was born (d. 1860). French King of Westphalia.
• 1787 - Christoph Willibald Gluck dies (b. 1714). German composer.
• 1791 - The first U.S Catholic college, Georgetown University,opens its doors.
• 1793 - Michel Chasles was born (d. 1880). French mathematician.
• 1794 - John Witherspoon dies (b. 1723). American signer of the Declaration of Independence.
• 1795 - Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo dies (b. 1719). French painter.
• 1806 - Pike expedition: Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (it was later named Pikes Peak).
• 1818 - The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the first of four congresses held by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France following the Napoleonic Wars, concluded.
• 1819 - Daniel Rutherford dies (b. 1749). Scottish chemist and physician.
• 1825 - A independência do Brasil foi reconhecida, devido à ratificação por D. João VI do Tratado de Paz e Aliança com o Brasil.
• 1832 - Jean Baptiiste Say dies. French economist.
• 1836 - Portugal: Fundação do Conservatório de Arte Dramática, actual Conservatório Nacional, por proposta de Almeida Garrett.
• 1841 - Alberto Sampaio was born (d. 1 Dec. 1908). Portuguese historian.
• 1848 - Pellegrino Rossi, a former member of the Carbonaria, was assassinated in Rome during the Revolutions of 1848.
• 1852 - Tewfik Pasha was born (d. 1892). Khedive of Egypt.
• 1853 - Queen Maria II of Portugal dies (b. 1819)
• 1854 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is given the needed royal concession by Said.
• 1857 - D. Guilherme Henriques de Carvalho dies (b. 1 Fev 1793). Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon
• 1859 - Christopher Hornsrud was born (d. 1960). Prime Minister of Norway
• 1862 - Gerhart Hauptmann was born (d. 1946). German dramatist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• 1864 - American Civil War: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman burns Atlanta, Georgia and starts Sherman's March to the Sea.
• 1865 - Pedro Guillermo assumes the presidency of Dominican Republic.
• 1869 - Rodolfo Chiari was born. President of Panamá (1924-1928).
• 1874 - August Krogh was born (d. 1949). Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate
• 1874 - Dimitrios Golemis was born (d. 1941). Greek athlete.
• 1879 - Lewis Stone was born (d. 1953). American actor.
• 1881 - Franklin Pierce Adams was born (d. 1960). American newspaper columnist.
• 1882 - Felix Frankfurter was born (d. 1965). U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
• 1884 - The Berlin West Africa Conference opened, in which the major European nations met to decide all questions connected with the Congo River basin of Central Africa.
• 1885 - St. Joseph Mukasa, one of the Martyrs of Uganda, was beheaded by order of Mwanga, kabaka (ruler) of Buganda.
• 1886 - René Guénon was born (d. 1951). French-Egyptian author.
• 1886 - Baldomero Fernández Moreno was born. Argentine writer.
• 1887 - Marianne Moore was born (d. 1972). American poet.
• 1887 - Georgia O'Keeffe was born (d. 1986). American painter whose subjects were frequently enlarged views of skulls and other animal bones, flowers and plant organs, shells, rocks, mountains, and other natural forms.
• 1889 - King Manuel II of Portugal was born (d. 1932)
• 1889 - Brazil is declared a republic by Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca and Emperor Pedro II is deposed in a military coup / D. Pedro II, segundo imperador do Brasil, filho de D. Pedro IV, rei de Portugal, e imperador do Brasil, é forçado a abdicar sendo proclamada a República.
• 1890 - Richmal Crompton was born (d. 1969). English author
• 1891 - W. Averell Harriman, American businessman and politician. U.S. diplomat in relations with the Soviet Union during World War II and the Cold War.
• 1891 - Erwin Rommel was born (d. 1944). German field marshall.
• 1894 - Osvaldo Euclides de Sousa Aranha was born (d. 27 Jan 1960). Brazilian politician
• 1895 - Brazil: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo is founded (truly the right date is 17 Nov.)See oficial site
• 1895 - Antoni Słonimski was born (d. 1976). Polish writer.
• 1895 - Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia was born (d. 1918)
• 1897 - Aneurin Bevan was born (d. 1960). British politician.
• 1897 - Sacheverell Sitwell was born (d. 1988). English writer.
• 1899 - Avdy Andresson was born (d. 1990). Estonian Minister of War in Exile.
• 1899 - Iskander Mirza was born (d. 1969). First President of Pakistan.
• 1901 - First Electrical Hearing Aid: Miller Reese Hutchinson applied for a patent for the first electrical hearing aid.
• 1902 - Frederico de Freitas was born. Portuguese composer.
• 1903 - Stewie Dempster was born (d. 1974). New Zealand cricketer.
• 1904 - Incêndio destrói a praça de touros de Almada.
• 1904 - King C. Gillette patented his Gillette razor blade.
• 1905 - Mantovani was born (d. 1980). Italian-born composer, musician, and arranger.
• 1906 - Curtis LeMay was born (d. 1990). U.S. Air Force general.
• 1907 - Claus von Stauffenberg was born (d. 1944). German army colonel who plotted to assassinate Hitler
• 1908 - Empress Dowager Cixi dies (b. 1835). Chinese ruler.
• 1910 - Wilhelm Raabe dies (b. 1831). German writer.
• 1913 - Arthur Haulot was born (d. 2005). Belgian journalist and resistance fighter
• 1913 - Guy Green was born (d. 2005). British film director, screenwriter, and cinematographer.
• 1916 - Henryk Sienkiewicz dies (b. 1846). Polish author, Nobel Prize laureate in 1905
• 1917 - Émile Durkheim dies (b. 1858). French sociologist.
• 1919 - Joseph Wapner was born. American judge.
• 1919 - Oswaldo Lamartine de Faria was born in Natal, RN.Brazilian folklorist and writer.
• 1919 - Alfred Werner dies (b. 1866). German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• 1920 - First assembly of the League of Nations is held in Geneva with 41 nations
• 1923 - António Ginestal Machado assume o cargo de primeiro-ministro de Portugal.
• 1924 - Zélia Hoffman was born in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian actress.
• 1925 - Yuli Daniel was born (d. 1988). Russian writer.
• 1925 - Howard Baker was born. U.S. Senator and White House Chief of Staff
• 1925 - Mauro Borja Lopes (Borjalo) was born (d. 19 Nov 2004). Brazilian cartoonist.
• 1926 - The NBC radio network opens with 24 stations.
• 1926 - Washington Luís assumes the presidency of Brazil.
• 1927 - Gregor Mackenzie was born (d. 1992). Labour Party (UK) politician.
• 1928 - C.W. McCall was born. American singer.
• 1928 - John Orchard was born (d. 1995). British actor.
• 1929 - Ed Asner was born. American actor (Mary Tyler Moore Show, Lou Grant)
• 1930 - J. G. Ballard was born. British author
• 1931 - Pascal Lissouba was born. Republic of the Congo politician.
• 1931 - Mwai Kibaki was born. Kenya's third president
• 1931 - Vanja Orico was born. Brazilian singer and actress.
• 1932 - Alvin Plantinga was born. American philosopher
• 1932 - Petula Clark was born. English singer
• 1932 - Clyde McPhatter was born (d. 1972). American singer.
• 1935 - Canada and the United States signed the reciprocal trade agreement in Washington.
• 1936 - Wolf Biermann was born. German writer
• 1937 - Little Willie John was born (d. 1968). American singer.
• 1937 - Yaphet Kotto was born. American actor
• 1938 - A farewell parade was held in Barcelona, Spain, for the volunteers of the International Brigades who fought for the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.
• 1939 - In Washington, DC, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial.
• 1940 - Sam Waterston was born. American actor
• 1940 - Germans bomb Coventry to destruction : The German Luftwaffe bombs Coventry in a massive raid leaving much of the city devastated.
• 1941 - SS chief Heinrich Himmler orders the arrest and deportation to concentration camps of all homosexuals in Germany, with the exception of certain top Nazi officials.
• 1942 - World War II: Battle of Guadalcanal ends.
• 1942 - World War II: First flight of the Heinkel He 219.
• 1942 - Daniel Barenboim was born. Argentine-born, Israeli pianist and conductor
• 1943 - German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies were to be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps." (see Porajmos)
• 1945 - Duarte Pacheco dies. Minister of Salazar's Government and President of Municipality of Lisbon
• 1945 - Anni-Frid Lyngstad was born. Norwegian singer (ABBA)
• 1945 - Roger Donaldson was born. Australian producer/director
• 1945 - Gabriela Mistral, Chilean poetess, is awarded with the Nobel Prize. She was the first Latin American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
• 1945 - Venezuela became member of United Nations
• 1945 - Arthur Virgílio was born. Brazilian politician.
• 1947 - Bill Richardson was born. Governor of New Mexico
• 1948 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent succeeds William Lyon Mackenzie King as Prime Minister of Canada. King had the longest combined time (3 terms, 22 years in total) as Premier in Commonwealth of Nations history.
• 1949 - Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte executed for assassinating Mahatma Gandhi.
• 1949 - Paulo Roberto dos Santos was born in Curitiba (d. 13 Feb 2005). Brazilian poet and accountant.
• 1951 - Beverly D'Angelo was born. American actress.
• 1952 - The Bugs Bunny Cartoon Rabbit's Kin is released in theaters, it introduces Pete Puma and Buster Rabbit.
• 1952 - Randy Savage was born. American professional wrestler.
• 1952 - Zoltán Buday was born. Hungarian born actor
• 1953 - Jorge Mateus de Lima dies (b. in União dos Palmares (AL), on 23 Apr 1895). Brazilian poet.
• 1954 - Aleksander Kwaśniewski was born. President of Poland
• 1954 - Lionel Barrymore dies (b. 1878). American actor.
• 1955 - Georgie Born was born. English academic, anthropologist and musician (Henry Cow)
• 1955 - Henry Corra was born. American documentarian
• 1956 - Michael Hampton was born. American guitarist (Funkadelic)
• 1956 - The first film starring Elvis Presley, Love Me Tender, opens.
• 1957 - Kevin Eubanks was born. American jazz guitarist
• 1958 - Morocco promulgates a press code.
• 1958 - Tyrone Power dies (b. 1914). American actor.
• 1959 - Four members of the Herbert Clutter Family murdered at their farm outside Holcomb, Kansas.
• 1959 - Charles Thomson Rees Wilson dies (b. 1869). Scottish physicist, Nobel laureate.
• 1960 - The Polaris missile is test launched.
• 1960 - Somalia is admitted as member of UNESCO.
• 1961 - Roger Maris is voted the American League MVP (baseball)
• 1961 - Ian Reid was born. Australian educator.
• 1961 - Elsie Ferguson dies (b. 1883). American actress.
• 1963 - Fritz Reiner dies (b. 1988). Hungarian conductor.
• 1963 - Benny Elias was born. Australian rugby player.
• 1965 - Nigel Bond was born. English snooker player.
• 1965 - Stefan Pfeiffer was born. German swimmer.
• 1965 - Dawn Powell dies (b. 1896). American poet.
• 1966 - Gemini program: Gemini 12 splashes down safely in the Atlantic Ocean.
• 1966 - Rachel True was born. American actress.
• 1966 - Dimitrios Tofalos dies (b. 1877). Greek weightlifter.
• 1967 - The only fatality of the X-15 program occurs during the 191st flight when Air Force test pilot Michael J. Adams loses control of his aircraft, and is destoryed in mid-air over the Mojave Desert.
• 1967 - E-40 was born. American rapper.
• 1967 - Pedro Borbón, Jr. was born. Dominican baseball player.
• 1967 - François Ozon was born. French film director.
• 1967 - Gustavo Poyet was born. Uruguayan footballer
• 1967 - Pedro Borbón, Jr. was born. Baseball player
• 1967 - Michael J. Adams dies (b. 1930). American test pilot
• 1968 - Ol' Dirty Bastard was born (d. 2004). American rapper.
• 1969 - Shane Mack was born. American politician
• 1969 - Cold War: The Soviet submarine K-19 collides with the American submarine USS Gato in the Barents Sea.
• 1969 - Vietnam War: In Washington, DC, 250,000-500,000 protesters staged a peaceful demonstration against the war.
• 1969 - Dave Thomas opens the first Wendy's fast food restaurant in Dublin, Ohio.
• 1969 - Shane Mack was born. American politician.
• 1969 - Iskander Mirza dies (b. 1899). First President of Pakistan
• 1970 - the Soviet Lunokhod 1 moon rover lands on the moon.
• 1970 - Jack Ingram was born. American singer and songwriter.
• 1970 - Patrick Mboma was born. Cameroonian football player
• 1971 - Intel releases world's first commercial single-chip microprocessor, the 4004.
• 1971 - Marcelo Farias was born. Brazilian actor.
• 1971 - Rudolf Abel dies (b. 1903). Soviet spy
• 1971 - Edie Sedgwick dies (b. 1943). American actress and model.
• 1972 - Jonny Lee Miller was born. English actor
• 1973 - Fernanda Serrano was born. Portuguese model and actress.
• 1973 - Jesse Merz was born. American actor
• 1974 - Chad Kroeger was born. Canadian singer.
• 1974 - Sérgio Conceição was born. Portuguese football player.
• 1975 - Scott Henshall was born. British fashion designer
• 1975 - Yannick Tremblay was born. Canadian ice hockey player
• 1976 - A Syrian peace force took control of Beirut, Lebanon.
• 1976 - Antje Duvekot was born. American folk singer-songwriter
• 1976 - Brandon DiCamillo was born. American comedian
• 1976 - Virginie Ledoyen was born. French actress
• 1976 - Jean Gabin dies (b. 1904). French actor.
• 1976 - René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois take power to become the first Quebec government of the 20th century clearly in favour of independence.
• 1977 - Sean Murray was born. American actor
• 1977 - Peter Phillips was born. Grandson of Queen Elizabeth II
• 1977 - Logan Whitehurst was born (d. 2006). American musician.
• 1978 - A chartered DC-8 crashes near Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing 183.
• 1978 - Margaret Mead dies (b. 1901). American anthropologist.
• 1979 - A package from the Unabomber explodes in the mail on its way to Washington.
• 1979 - Josemi was born. Spanish football player.
• 1979 - Brett Lancaster was born. Australian cyclist
• 1980 - Ace Young was born. American singer.
• 1980 - Annunzio Mantovani dies at 75. Italian orchestra leader.
• 1981 - Lorena Ochoa was born. Mexican golfer.
• 1982 - Giaan Rooney was born. Australian swimmer.
• 1982 - Martin De Alzaga was born (d. 1901). Argentine racing driver.
• 1983 - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is founded.
• 1983 - DJ Skee was born. American DJ/Personality.
• 1983 - Fernando Verdasco was born. Spanish tennis player.
• 1983 - Laura Smet was born. French actress.
• 1983 - John Heitinga was born. Dutch football player (Ajax)
• 1983 - Charlie Grimm dies (b. 1898). American baseball player.
• 1983 - John Le Mesurier dies (b. 1912). British actor.
• 1985 - A research assistant is injured as a package from the Unabomber addressed to a University of Michigan professor explodes.
• 1985 - The Anglo-Irish Agreement is signed at Hillsborough Castle by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald.
• 1986 - Dan Trapp was born. American drummer (Senses Fail)
• 1986 - Sania Mirza was born. Indian tennis player
• 1986 - Jeffree Star was born. American model, fashion designer, make-up artist and singer-songwriter.
• 1987 - Continental Airlines Flight 1713, a Douglas DC-9-14 jetliner, crashes in a snowstorm at Denver, Colorado Stapleton International Airport, killing 28 occupants, while 54 survive the crash.
• 1987 - Isaiah Osbourne was born. English footballer.
• 1988 - In the Soviet Union, the unmanned Shuttle Buran is launched on her first and last space flight.
• 1988 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council. PLO chairman Yasir 'Arafat, issued a declaration of independence for a state of Palestine in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
• 1988 - The first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched in the Netherlands by Nico Roozen, Frans van der Hoff and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad.
• 1988 - No Brasil, o Partido dos Trabalhadores vence as eleições municipais, provocando profundas alterações na organização política do país.
• 1988 - Zena Grey was born. American actress.
• 1988 - Billo Frómeta dies (b. 1915). Dominican Republic orchestra conductor, arranger and composer.
• 1989 - Sachin Tendulkar makes his Test cricket debut playing for India against Pakistan.
• 1990 - Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches with flight STS-38.
• 1990 - Producers acknowledge that Milli Vanilli, who won the 1990 "Best Artist" Grammy Award, did not sing themselves on their album.
• 1990 - Kanata Hongō was born. Japanese actor.
• 1990 - Alydar dies (b. 1975). American racehorse.
• 1993 - 13 Cuban refugees land in Florida after stealing a crop-duster in Cuba.
• 1993 - Irie Saaya was born. Japanese model
• 1994 - Helmut Kohl was elected German chancellor (341-340 votes).
• 1994 - Elizabeth George Speare dies (b. 1908). Award-winning American children's author
• 1995 - João Soares sucede a Jorge Sampaio na presidência da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa.
• 1995 - A selecção portuguesa de futebol vence a Irlanda por 3-0, ficando assim apurada para o Europeu-96.
• 1995 - Stella Hudgens was born. American actress.
• 1996 - Alger Hiss dies (b. 1904). American government official and spy.
• 1997 - Saul Chaplin dies (b. 1912). American composer and musical director.
• 1998 - Stokely Carmichael dies (b. 1941). American civil rights activist.
• 1998 - Iraqi climbdown averts air strikes Britain and America call back their bombers after Iraq agrees to allow UN weapons inspectors back into the country.
• 1999 - Popular virtual pets internet website Neopets is founded.
• 2000 - A chartered Antonov AN-24 crashes after takeoff from Luanda, Angola killing more than 40 people
• 2001 - The Microsoft Xbox video game console launches in North America, along with the game Halo: Combat Evolved.
• 2001 - Aluísio Carvão dies (b. 24 Jan 1920). Brazilian painter, artist.
• 2002 - Hu Jintao becomes general secretary of the Communist Party of China replacing Jiang Zemin
• 2002 - Myra Hindley dies (b. 1942). English murderer.
• 2003 - The first day of the 2003 Istanbul Bombings takes place, to be followed by additional bombings on November 20.
• 2003 - Ray Lewis dies (b. 1910). Canadian athlete
• 2003 - Dorothy Loudon dies (b. 1933). American actress.
• 2003 - Laurence Tisch dies (b. 1923). American businessman.
• 2003 - Mohamed Choukri dies at 68. Moroccan writer whose tales about his experiences with drugs and homosexuality were banned at home. His best-known work, "For Bread Alone" (1981), was published in Paris and told of his difficult adolescence.
• 2004 - Elmer L. Andersen dies (b. 1909). Governor of Minnesota.
• 2004 - John Morgan dies (b. 1930). Canadian comedian.
• 2004 - Destiny's Child releases their final album: Destiny Fulfilled.
• 2004 - New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey leaves office, three months after resigning due to a gay extra-marital affair. State Senator Richard Codey takes over as interim governor.
• 2004 - Presidential elections in Namibia.
• 2004 - The UN Security Council imposed an immediate arms embargo on Ivory Coast's hard-line government.
• 2004 - Elmer L. Andersen dies (b. 1909). Governor of Minnesota.
• 2004 - John Morgan dies (b. 1930). Canadian comedian.
• 2005 - DVD release of SpongeBob SquarePants TV movie, Where's Gary?. Also the release of the video game Shadow the Hedgehog
• 2005 - Boeing formally launches the stretched Boeing 747-8 variant with orders from Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines.
• 2005 - Dr. Adrian Rogers dies (b. 1931). American Southern Baptist Minister and leader.
• 2005 - Arto Salminen dies (b. 1959). Finnish writer.
• 2005 - Boeing formally launches the stretched Boeing 747-8 variant with orders from Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines.
• 2006 - The Al Jazeera English news channel is launched.
• 2006 - Ana Carolina Reston dies (b. 1985). Brazilian model.
• 2006 - David K. Wyatt dies (b. 1937). American historian.
• Brazil - Republic Proclamation Day
• Palestine - Independence Day
• Roman Empire - Festival in honor of Feronia
• Eastern Orthodoxy - Feast of Saint Philip the Apostle and the beginning of Winter Lent
• Norway: The official skolebrød-day on Sunnland skole
• USA - America Recycles Day
• Japan - Shichi-Go-San - traditional rite of passage and festival day for three and seven year-old girls and three and five year-old boys
• Austria: Saint Leopold's day - no school in Vienna, Lower Austria and Upper Austria