On this day in History - Jan 27

• 0098 -Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
• 0672 - St. Vitalian ends his reign as Catholic Pope.
• 0847 - Sergius II ends his reign as Catholic Pope.
• 0724 - Yezid II dies. Caliph Omeya
• 1142 - Wrongful execution of noted Song Dynasty
• 1186 - Henry VI, the son and heir of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, married Constance of Sicily and was crowned King of Burgundy, Germany and Italy.
• 1343 - Pope Clement VI issues the Bull Unigenitus.
• 1443 - Albert, Duke of Saxony was born (d. 1500)
• 1490 - Ashikaga Yoshimasa dies (b. 1435). Ashikaga shogun.
• 1546 - Joachim Friedrich born (d. 1608). Elector of Brandenburg.
• 1554 - Pedro de Heredia dies. Spanish navigator, founder of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia).
• 1573 - Portugal: Lagos is elevated to a city / 1573 - Lagos é elevada à categoria de cidade. da à categoria de cidade.
• 1585 - Hendrick Avercamp was born (d. 1634). Dutch painter.
• 1593 - Vatican opens 7 year trial against scholar Giordano Bruno.
• 1603 - Harbottle Grimston was born (d. 1685). English politician.
• 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins and later ends in their execution on January 31.
• 1621 - Thomas Willis was born (d. 11 Nov 1675). British physician, leader of the English iatrochemists, who attempted to explain the workings of the body from current knowledge of chemical interactions.
• 1629 - Hieronymus Praetorius dies (b. 1560). German composer.
• 1638 - Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses dies. Spanish novelist
• 1662 - Richard Bentley was born (d. 1742). English classical scholar.
• 1687 - Balthasar Neumann was born (d. 1753). German architect.
• 1688 - Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang dies. Grandmother of the Kangxi Emperor in Qing Dynasty China.
• 1695 - Mustafa II becomes the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul on the death of Amhed II. Mustafa rules until 1703.
• 1701 - Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim was born (d. 1790). German historian and theologian.
• 1720 - Samuel Foote was born (d. 1777). English dramatist and actor.
• 1731 - Bartolomeo Cristofori dies (b. 1655). Italian maker of musical instruments.
• 1740 - Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon dies (b. 1692). Prime Minister of France.
• 1741 - Hester Thrale was born (d. 1821). Welsh diarist.
• 1753 - Diego Francisco de Asís, "Diego Franco", dies. Mexican actor.
• 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg (d. 1795). Austrian composer.
• 1757 - Gomes Freire de Andrade was born (d. 1817). Portuguese militar.
• 1763 - Com o desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil, Portugal cria um novo sistema administrativo para sua colônia, elevando a nação a Vice-Reinado.
• 1763 - A Capital do Brasil é transferida de Salvador para Rio de Janeiro.
• 1785 - Botanic Garden of Madrid is founded /Fundación del Jardín Botánico de Madrid.
• 1785 - The University of Georgia is founded.
• 1785 - F.W. Joseph Schillingwas born. German philosopher.
• 1794 - A frota espanhola do general Aristizábal toma a praça do Forte Delfim dos franceses, na ilha de Santo Domingo.
• 1801 - La revolución de los esclavos haitianos provoca en Santo Domingo el pavor entre los colonos blancos, y un antiguo esclavo, Toussaint Louverture, se convierte en dictador de la isla.
• 1805 - Samuel Palmer was born (d. 1881). English artist.
• 1806 - Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born (d. 1826). Spanish composer .
• 1808 - João Caetano was born in Itaboraí. Brazilian actor and director of theatre.
• 1811 - João Crisóstomo was born. Portuguese politician and militar.
• 1814 - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was born (d. 1879). French architect.
• 1814 - Johann Gottlieb Fichte dies (b. 1761). German philosopher.
• 1816 - Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood dies (b. 1724). British admiral.
• 1822 - Greece proclaimed its independence from Turkey.
• 1823 - Edouard Lalo was born (d. 1892). French composer.
• 1825 - US Congress approves Indian Territory (in what is present-day Oklahoma), clearing the way for forced relocation of the Eastern Indians on the "Trail of Tears."
• 1826 - Richard Taylor was born (d. 1879). American Confederate general.
• 1826 - Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin was born (d. 1889). Russian writer.
• 1827 - Ramón de Cala y Barea, político federalista y autonomista español nace en Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz).
• 1829 - Isaac Roberts was born (d. 17 Jul 1904). British astronomer who was a pioneer in photography of nebulae. In 1885 he had built an observatory with a 20 inch reflector. Using this instrument Roberts was to make considerable progress in the newly developing science of Astro-photography.
• 1832 - Lewis Carroll was born (d. 14 Jan 1898). English author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
  
• 1836 - Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born (d. 1895). Austrian writer.
• 1839 - Adolphe Marie Carnot was born (d. 1920). French chemist.
• 1841 - Arkhip Kuindzhi was born (d. 1910). Russian painter.
• 1842 - Golpe de Estado orientado por Costa Cabral.
• 1843 - James Ward was born ( d. 4 Mar 1925). Philosopher and psychologist who exerted a major influence on the development of psychology in Great Britain.
• 1848 - Togo Heihachiro was born (d. 1934). Japanese admiral.
• 1850 - Samuel Gompers was born (d. 1924). American labor leader.
• 1850 - Edward J. Smith was born (d. 1912). English captain of the Titanic.
• 1850 - Samuel Gompers was born (d. 1924). Labor union leader.
• 1851 - John James Audubon dies (b. 26 Apr 1785). French-American naturalist, ornithologist, painter; known for his drawings and paintings of North American birds.
• 1857 - Dorothea Lieven dies (b. 1785). Russian noblewoman.
• 1859 - Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany was born (d. 1941). Last German Emperor and Prussian king (d. 1941) .
• 1860 - Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane dies (b. 23 Jul 1773) (Baronet) British soldier and astronomical observer for whom the city of Brisbane, Australia, is named. Mainly remembered as a patron of science, he built an astronomical observatory at Parramatta, Australia, and a combined observatory and magnetic station at Makerstoun, Roxburghshire, Scotland.
• 1860 - János Bolyai dies (b. 15 Dec 1802). The greatest Hungarian matematician and one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry - geometry that does not include Euclid's axiom that only one line can be drawn parallel to a given line through a point not on the given line.
• 1861 -Ralph Modjeski was born [d. 26 Jun 1940]. Polish-born American bridge designer and builder, outstanding for the number, variety, and innovative character of his projects.
• 1865 - Início da Guerra do Paraguai.
• 1870 - First college sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, is formed at DePauw University.
• 1873 - Adam Sedgwick , dies (b. 22 Mar 1785) English geologist who first applied the name Cambrian to the geologic period of time, now dated at 570 to 505 million years ago.
• 1880 - Thomas Edison files a patent for his electric incandescent lamp.
• 1880 - Edward Middleton Barry dies (b. 1830). English architect.
• 1885 - Eduard Künnecke was born (d. 1853). Composer.
• 1885 - Jerome Kern was born (d. 1945). Composer.
• 1885 - Harry Ruby was born (d. 1974). Musician, composer, writer.
• 1885 - Maeda Seison was born (d. 1977). Japanese painter.
• 1887 - Carl (William) Blegen, was born (d. 24 Aug 1971) . Archaeologist who found striking evidence to substantiate and date the sack of Troy described in Homer's Iliad.
• 1888 - Victor Moritz Goldschmidt was born (d. 20 Mar 1947). Swiss-born Norwegian mineralogist and petrologist who laid the foundation of inorganic crystal chemistry and founded modern geochemistry.
• 1888 - In Washington, DC the National Geographic Society is founded.
• 1891 - Ilya Ehrenburg was born (d. 1967). Russian writer.
• 1893 - Soong Ching-ling was born (d. 1981). One of the Soong sisters, wife of Sun Yat-sen
• 1895 - Harry Ruby (Rubinstein) was born (d. 23 Feb 1974). Musician, composer (Duck Soup).
• 1895 - Cláudio Carneyro was born (d. 1963). Portuguese composer.
• 1900 - Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, China demand that the Boxer rebels be disciplined.
• 1900 - Hyman Rickover was born in Makow, Russia (now Poland) (d. 8 Jul 1986). American admiral; immigrated to the US 1906 he is known as the Father of the Nuclear Navy for his leadership to build the atomic-powered submarine, USS Nautilus (1954).
• 1901 - Art Rooney was born (d. 1988). American football team owner.
• 1901 - Willy Fritsch was born (d. 1973). Actor.
• 1901 - Giuseppe Verdi dies (b. 1813). Italian composer.
• 1903 - John Carew Eccles was born (d. 1997). Australian research neuropsychologist, winner (with with Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley) of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963.
• 1905 - Howard McNear was born (d. 1969). American actor.
• 1906 - Tratado entre Inglaterra e França estabelece a divisão do arquipélago das Novas Hébridas.
• 1906 - Radamés Gnatalli was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (d. 13 Feb 1988). Brazilian composer and conductor.
• 1908 - Oran "Hot Lips" Page was born (d. 1954). American jazz trumpet.
• 1908 - William Randolph Hearst, Jr. was born (d. 1993). American newspaper magnate
• 1909 - The Young Left is founded in Norway.
• 1910 - Thomas Crapper dies (b. 1836). English inventor.
• 1915 - Primeira Guerra Mundial: Primeiro bombardeio aéreo massivo registrado pela história, realizado por aviões franceses contra as fábricas alemãs de explosivos.
• 1915 - United States Marines occupy Haiti.
• 1918 - The first hostilities occurred in the Finnish Civil War, beginning the war.
• 1918 - Skitch Henderson was born (d. 2005). English bandleadeer.
• 1918 - Elmore James was born (d. 1963). American blues musician
• 1918 - William Seawell was born (d. 2005). United States Army Brigadier General.
• 1919 - Ross Bagdasarian was born (d. 1972). American musician, actor.
• 1919 - Endre Ady dies (b. 1877). Hungarian poet.
• 1920 - Frankie Albert was born (d. 2002). American football star.
• 1920 - Helmut Zacharias was born (d. 2002). German violinist.
• 1920 - John Box was born (d. 2005). British film production designer and art director.
• 1921 - Donna Reed was born in Denison, Iowa (d.1986). America actress (From Here to Eternity, It’s a Wonderful Life, The Benny Goodman Story, The Donna Reed Show).
• 1921 - Maurice Vincent Buckley dies (b. 1891). Australian winner of the Victoria Cross
• 1922 - Giovanni Verga dies in Catania (b. 2 Sep 1840). Italian novelist, short-story writer, and playwright, most important of the Italian verismo (Realist) school of novelists.
• 1923 - Primeiro Congresso do Partido nacional-socialista da Alemanha, em Munique.
• 1924 - Sabu Destagir was born (d. 2 Dec. 1963). Indian actor (A Tiger Walks, The Treasure of Bengal, The Jungle Book, Arabian Nights, The Thief of Bagdad, The Elephant Boy) .
• 1924 - Rauf Denktaş was born. Founder of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
• 1926 - Fritz Spiegl was born (d. 2003). Journalist.
• 1926 - Ingrid Thulin was born (d. 2004). Swedish actress.
• 1926 - John Logie Baird of Scotland, demonstrates the first television broadcast.
• 1927 - Vicente Blasco Ibáñez dies. Writer.
• 1928 - Michael Craig was born. British actor
• 1929 - Gastón Suárez was born in Tupiza (d. 1984). Bolivian novelist and dramatist
• 1930 - Bobby Blue Bland was born. American blues singer .
• 1931 - Mordecai Richler was born (d. 2001). Canadian author.
• 1932 - Boris Shakhlin was born. Soviet gymnast
• 1933 - Ary Fontoura was born in Curitiba, Paraná. Brazilian actor.
• 1934 - Firmado pacto em que Alemanha e Polônia se obrigam mutuamente a renunciar a todo acto de agressão durante 10 anos.
• 1934 - Federico Mayor Zaragoza was born in Barcelona. Director-General of UNESCO
• 1936 - Troy Donahue was born (d. 2001). American actor.
• 1936 - Samuel C. C. Ting was born. American physicist who shared, with Burton Richter, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1976 for his discovery of a new subatomic particle, the J/psi particle.
• 1937 - John Ogdon was born (d. 1989). English pianist.
• 1939 - United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt approves the sale of U.S. war planes to France.
• 1939 - First flight of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.
• 1940 - James Cromwell was born. American actor.
• 1940 - Terry Harper was born. National Hockey League defenceman
• 1940 - Isaac Babel dies (b. 1894). Ukrainian writer.
• 1941 - World War II: Fighting at Derna, Libya, begins Following the capture of Tobruk 2 brigades of the 6th Australian Division under Major General Iven Mackay pursues the Italians westwards and encounters an Italian rear guard at Derna.
• 1943 - World War II: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany (Wilhelmshaven was the target).
• 1944 - World War II: The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
• 1944 - Mairéad Corrigan was born. Northern Irish activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
• 1944 - Nick Mason was born. English drummer (Pink Floyd)
• 1945 - World War II: The Red Army arrives at Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland and liberated the Nazi concentration camp where 1.1-1.5 million people were murdered.
• 1945 - Harold Cardinal was born (d. 2005). Cree political leader, writer, and lawyer.
• 1946 - Nedra Talley was born. Singer, member of the Ronettes .
• 1947 - Paul Percy Harris dies. American founder of Rotary International.
• 1948 - Mikhail Baryshnikov was born. Russian dancer .
• 1948 - Wire Recording Corporation of America announced the first magnetic wire recorder.
• 1949 - Djavan was born in Maceió, Alagoas. Brazilian violinist and popular singer.´
• 1949 - Ethan Mordden was born. American author
• 1950 - Science magazine announced the new antibiotic terramyacin. Made by Charles Pfizer & Co., it was isolated from Indiana soil, and found effective against pneumonia, dysentery, and other infections .
• 1950 - Augusto D'Halmar dies. Chilean poet and writer.
• 1950 - Amos Grunebaum was born. Israeli-born obstetrician and gynecologist.
• 1951 - Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a one-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flats.
• 1951 - Brian Downey was born. Irish musician (Thin Lizzy)
• 1952 - Prime Minister Mustafa Nahhas is removed by King Farouk for failing to keep the peace. He is replaced by Ali Mahir.
• 1954 - Peter Laird was born. American comic-book artist.
• 1954 - Joko Ninomiya was born. Japanese martial artist.
• 1955 - Alexander Stuart was born. British author.
• 1955 - Brian Engblom was born. National Hockey League defenceman
• 1955 - John Roberts was born. 17th Chief Justice of the United States
• 1956 - Mimi Rogers was born. American actress .
• 1956 - Erich Kleiber dies (b. 1890). German conductor.
• 1957 - Janick Gers was born. English musician (Iron Maiden) .
• 1957 - Frank Miller was born. American author
• 1958 - Kadri Mälk was born. Estonian artist and jewelry designer
• 1959 - Cris Collinsworth was born. American football player.
• 1959 - Keith Olbermann was born. American news correspondent, sportscaster .
• 1960 - Juan Domingo Perón abandona la República Dominicana y se traslada a España.
• 1960 - Queda abolida la pena de muerte en Bolivia.
• 1960 - Osvaldo Aranha dies in Rio de Janeiro (b. 15 Nov 1894 in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul). Brazilian politician.
• 1961 - Margo Timmins was born. Canadian singer (Cowboy Junkies)
• 1961 - Gillian Gilbert was born. British musician (New Order)
• 1964 - France established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.
• 1964 - E.I. duPont de Nemours Co. introduced Corfam. This hydrocarbon-based, synthetic substitute for leather was flexible, with tiny pores, for uses such as shoes, handbags, belts and suitcases. Shoes put on sale with Corfam uppers were supposed to give consumers the look, feel and durability of leather.
• 1964 - Bridget Fonda was born. Actress (Point of No Return, The Godfather, Part 3, Aria, 21 Jump Street); daughter of actor Peter Fonda and actress, Susan Brewer, granddaughter of actor, Henry Fonda, niece of actress, Jane Fonda.
• 1965 - Alan Cumming was born. Scotish actor.
• 1966 - Caterina Albert i Paradís (Víctor Català) dies. Writer.
• 1967 - More than 60 nations sign the Outer Space Treaty banning nuclear weapons in space.
• 1967 - Astronauts Edward White (b. 1930), Virgil "Gus" Grissom (b. 1926), and Roger Chaffee (b. 1935), die in a fire during a test of the capsule AS-204, which was later designated Apollo 1
• 1967 - More than 60 nations sign the Outer Space Treaty banning nuclear weapons in space.
• 1967 - Bobby Deol was born. Indian actor
• 1967 - Dave Manson was born. National Hockey League player
• 1967 - Alphonse Juin dies (b. 1888). Marshal of France.
• 1967 - Bobby Deol dies. Indian actor.
• 1968 - Tricky was born. English rapper
• 1968 - Mike Patton was born. American lead singer of several bands in USA .
• 1969 - The present-day Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse, rated at 100,000KVA was completed and placed in operation.
• 1969 - 14 men, nine of them Jews, were executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.
• 1969 - Cornelius was born. Musician (Flipper's Guitar)
• 1969 - Michael Kulas was born. Canadian singer/songwriter (James (band))
• 1970 - Jon Douglas Rainey was born. Actor/host of It Takes a Thief
• 1970 - Mark Trojanowski was born. American musician (Sister Hazel)
• 1970 - Emmanuel Pahud was born. French-Swiss flute player
• 1970 - Rita Angus dies (b. 1908). New Zealand painter.
• 1971 - Jacobo Arbenz dies (b. 1913). President of Guatemala (b. 1913) .
• 1971 - Fann Wong was born. Chinese actress, singer, model (Shanghai Knights) .
• 1971 - Patrice Brisebois was born. National Hockey League defenceman
• 1972 - Keith Wood was born. Irish rugby player
• 1972 - Richard Courant dies (b. 8 Jan 1888). German-born American mathematician and educator who made significant advances in the calculus of variations.
• 1972 - Mahalia Jackson dies (b. 1911). American singer.
• 1973 - A cease-fire agreement signed in Paris brought an end to the US military role in Vietnam.
• 1973 - William Nolde dies (b. 1929). Last American combat casualty of Vietnam War
• 1974 - Chaminda Vaas was born. Sri Lankan cricketer .
• 1975 - Bill Walsh dies (b. 1913). American producer, writer.
• 1976 - Clint Ford was born. American voiceover actor
• 1976 - Ahn Jung-Hwan was born. Korean Football Player.
• 1977 - Record company EMI sacks the controversial United Kingdom punk rock group the Sex Pistols.
• 1978 - Proclamada a Declaração Universal dos Direitos dos Animais na assembléia da UNESCO, em Bruxelas.
• 1978 - Leopold Sedar Senghor is reelected President of Senegal.
• 1978 - Lt Marilyn R. Koon, 161st Aerial Refueling Squadron, Arizona Air National Guard, becomes first female Air National Guard Pilot.
• 1978 - Pete Laforest was born. Major League Baseball catcher
• 1979 - Daniel Vettori was born. New Zealand cricketer
• 1979 - Rosamund Pike was born. British actress
• 1979 - Victoria_Ocampo dies (b. 1890). Argentine intelectual, writer and piblisher
• 1980 - Robert Gabriel Mugabe returns to Rhodesia, after a five year exile, in preparation for the first elections in a soon to be independent Zimbabwe.
• 1980 - Marat Safin was born. Russian tennis player.
• 1981 - Alicia Molik was born. Australian tennis player
• 1981 - In Indonesia, 500 people died when the motor ferry Tampomas II sank in the Java Sea, following a fire.
• 1983 - World's longest subaqueous tunnel (53.90 km) opens in Japan connecting the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.
• 1983 - Carlo Colaiacovo was born. Canadian hockey player
• 1983 - Gavin Floyd was born. American baseball player
• 1983 - Meyer Fortes dies (b. 25 Apr 1906). British social anthropologist known for his investigations of West African societies.
• 1983 - Louis de Funès dies (b. 1914). French actor.
• 1984 - Carl Lewis beats his own indoor world jumping record by 9-1/4 inches with a 28 feet, 10-1/4 inches jump.
• 1986 - Lilli Palmer dies (b. 1914). German-born actress.
• 1987 - Ashley Perez Moza was born. Mexican singer (Ha*Ash) .
• 1987 - Lily Donaldson was born. British model
• 1988 - Spanish banks Bilbao and Vizcaya merged
• 1988 - Kerlon Moura Souza was born. Brazilian footballer
• 1988 - Massa Makan Diabaté dies (b. 1938). Malian author.
• 1989 - Sir Thomas Sopwith dies (b. 18 Jan 1888). British aircraft designer whose firm was famous for such British World War I military aircraft as the Sopwith Camel and Triplane.
• 1989 - El cohete europeo "Ariane", lanzado desde la base francesa de Kuru (Guayana), pone en órbita con éxito el satélite de comunicaciones Intelsat V F-15 (servicios de tv y telefonía).
• 1990 - Adriana de Oliveira dies (b. 1969). Brazilian top model, top model brasileira de grande sucesso do fim dos anos de 1980.
• 1991 - Muhammad Siyad Barre flees his compound in Mogadishu (Madagascar)
• 1991 - Super Bowl XXV: The New York Giants defeat the Buffalo Bills, 20-19.
• 1992 - Mike Tyson goes on trial charged with raping a 1991 Miss Black America contestant.
• 1993 - André the Giant dies (b. 1946). Professional wrestler and actor.
• 1994 - Claude Akins dies. American actor .
• 1994 - Former Prime Minister Bettino Craxi became the highest-ranking politician committed for trial in Italy's graft scandal.
• 1996 - Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup.
• 1996 - Germany observes its 1st Holocaust Remembrance Day.
• 1996 - Ralph Yarborough dies (b. 1903). American Senator and Texas politician.
• 1996 - Olga Havlová dies (b. Šplíchalová 1933). Czech First Lady
• 1997 - It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that were stolen by Nazis.
• 1997 - Gerald Marks dies (b. 1900). American songwriter (All of Me).
• 1998 - American First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton appears on the Today Show calling the attacks against her husband part of a vast right-wing conspiracy.
• 1999 - Gonzalo Torrente Ballester dies. Writer.
• 2000 - Friedrich Gulda dies (b. 1930). Austrian pianist.
• 2001 - Ten members of the Oklahoma State University men's basketball team and support staff die in a plane crash in Colorado.
• 2002 - Several explosions at a military dump in Lagos, Nigeria kill more than 1,000.
• 2003 - Henryk Jabłoński dies (b. 1909). President of communist People's Republic of Poland.
• 2003 - Louis Archambault dies (b. 1915). Quebec actor.
• 2004 - William Hung auditioned for the American Idol.
• 2004 - Jack Paar dies (b. 1918). American television show host.
• 2004 - Salvador Laurel dies (b. 1928). 9th Vice President of the Philippines.
• 2006 - Johannes Rau dies (b. 1931). 8th Bundespräsident (President of Germany).
• 2006 - Gene McFadden dies (b. 1949). American singer and songwriter.
• 2006 - Orlando da Costa dies (b. 1929). Portuguese writer.
• UN — International Holocaust Remembrance Day
• Denmark — Auschwitzdag (Auschwitz Day; commemoration day for the victims of the Holocaust and other genocide).
• United Kingdom — Holocaust Memorial Day.
• Germany — Gedenktag für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Commemoration Day for the Victims of National Socialism).
• Poland — Dzień Pamięci Ofiar Nazizmu (Memorial Day for the Victims of Nazism).
• Italy — Giorno della Memoria (Memorial Day).