0425 - Theodosius effectively founded a university in Constantinople.
0837 - 15th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
1500 -
D. João de Castro was born in Lisbon (d. in Goa, 6 Jun 1548). Portuguese scientist, general and Vice-King of Índia.
1557 - 1st Russian Embassy opens in London, Russia and U.S. sign trade agreement
- 1617 - Sweden and Russia sign the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War and shutting Russia out of the Baltic Sea
1622 - Rembrandt Carel Fabritius, was born, Dutch painter.
1659 -
Henry Dunster dies (b. 1609). First President of Harvard College.
1666 -
D. Luisa de Gusmão dies in Lisbon (b. 13 Oct 1613). Queen of Portugal (wife of King John IV)
1670 - Jews were expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I.
1691 -
Edward Cave was born (d. 1754). English editor and publisher.
1720 -
Samuel Parris dies (b. 1653). English-born Puritan minister.
1767 - Jesuítas são expulsos da Espanha.
1807 - El marino Alejandro Malaspina le informa al virrey de Buenos Aires sobre su reconocimiento de Tierra del Fuego y la costa de la Patagonia.
1812 - El rosarino Cosme Maciel iza por primera vez la bandera celeste y blanca, por orden de Belgrano, en las márgenes de Nuestra Señora del Rosario.
1822 - Eugene Gautier, was born, composer .
1843 - Ocupación efectiva, por una expedición española, de la isla de Fernando Poo, hoy Malabo, en Guinea Ecuatorial.
1854 - Composer Robert Schumann was saved from a suicide attempt in the Rhine.
1861 - A crowd in protesting
Russian rule over
Poland is fired upon by Russian troops, killing five protesters.
1863 - Joaquín Sorolla was born. Spanish painter.
1867 - Irving Fisher was born. American economist (compensating dollar).
1869 - Henry Chandler Cowles was born (d. 12 Sep 1939). American botanist who was a pioneer in the field of plant ecology, especially the concept of ecological succession which he devised through a study of sand dune vegation he made in the 1890's .
1869 -
Alice Hamilton was born (d. 22 Sep 1970). American pathologist, known for her research on industrial diseases. By actively publicizing the danger to workers' health of industrial toxic substances, she contributed to the passage of workmen's compensation laws and to the development of safer working conditions.
1879 -
saccharin, the artificial sweetener, was discovered by Constantine Fahlberg at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
1881 - Luitzen E. Jan Brouwer was born (d. Dec 1966). Dutch
mathematician who
founded mathematical Intuitionism (a doctrine that views the nature of mathematics as mental constructions governed by self-evident laws).
- 1887 - Alexander Porfirievich Borodin dies (b. 1833). Russian composer.
- 1888 - Lotte Lehmann was born (d. 1976). German singer.
1891 -
David Sarnoff was born (d. 12 Dec 1971). American pioneer in the development of both radio and television broadcasting. He was the first general manager of RCA and founded the television network NBC (1926).
1891 -
Anne Samson was born (d. 2004). Oldest-known Canadian 2002-2004 and oldest nun on record 2003-2004.
1893 - Ralph Linton was born (d. 24 Dec 1953). American
anthropologist who had a marked influence on the development of cultural anthropology.
1897 - Bernard(-Ferdinand) Lyot was born (d. 2 Apr 1952). French
astronomer who invented the
coronagraph (1930), an instrument which allows the observation of the solar corona when the Sun is not in eclipse and other instruments used to study the Sun's corona.
1899 -
Charles Best was born (d. 31 Mar 1978). American physiologist who, with Sir Frederick Banting, was the first to obtain (1921) a pancreatic extract of insulin in a form that controlled diabetes in dogs. The successful use of insulin in treating human patients followed. But because Best did not receive his medical degree until 1925, he did not share the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded to Banting and J.J.R. Macleod in 1923 for their role in the work.
1900 - Felix Hoffman was issued a U.S. patent for
Aspirin .
1900 - The FC Bayern München (Munich) is founded
1902 -
Lúcio Costa was born (d. 1998). Brazilian architect.
1902 -
John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, Calif.,(d.1968). He is probably best remembered for his strong sociological novel The Grapes of Wrath, considered writer, winner of the
Nobel Prize in literature 1962.
1902 -
Gene Sarazen was born in Harrison, New York (d.1999). PGA
golfer (Masters 1935, US Open 1922, 32).
1902 -
Breaker Morant dies (b. 1864). Anglo-Australian soldier executed in Boer War under controversial circumstances.
- 1904 - Yulii Borisovich Khariton was born (d. 19 Dec 1996). Russian physicist who played a key role in the development of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons and nuclear physics research. Khariton began his career as a researcher in chemical physics, studying combustion and explosion effects.
1905 - Máximo Gorki es liberado bajo fianza y exiliado en Riga.
1905 -
Franchot Tone was born in Niagara Falls, New York (d. 1968). American actor
(Dr Freeland-Ben Casey). 1908 - Star #46 was added to U.S. flag for Oklahoma .
1910 -
Kelly Johnson was born (d. 21 Dec 1990). American aeronautical
engineer who introduced innovative designs. While managing Lockheed's secret project division, known as the "Skunk Works," he
contributed to more than 40 airplanes.
1912 -
Lawrence Durrell was born (d.1990). Writer, author of The Alexandria Quartet.
1913 -
Irwin Shaw was born (d. 1984). American novelist (Rich Man Poor Man).
1919 - The Bolsheviks took Lithuania and joined it with Belarus as a single Soviet republic. Litbel lasted until June 25.
1919 - Un incendio destruye el Palacio Municipal de la capital de El Salvador.
1922 -
Hans Rookmaaker was born (d. 1977). Dutch professor and art historian.
1923 -
Dexter Gordon was born (d. 1990). American jazz saxophone player.
1925 -
Samuel Dash was born (d. 2004). American Congressional counsel.
1926 - Marta Mercader was born. Argentine writer.
1926 -
David Hunter Hubel was born. Canadian-born American
neurobiologist, who was a
corecipient (with Torsten Nils Wiesel and Roger Wolcott Sperry) of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for
mapping the path of nerve impulses from the eye to various centres of the brain.
1932 - The neutron was discovered by Dr. James Chadwick.
1932 -
Elizabeth Taylor was born in London. Actress, screen legend, (Butterfield 8, Cleopatra, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf) .
1933 -
Ruy Belo was born in S. João da Ribeira, Rio Maior (d. 1978). Portuguese essayst and poet.
1934 -
Ralph Nader was born. American consumer activist.
- 1935 - Mirella Freni was born. Italian soprano .
1936 -
Ivan Pavlov dies (b. 14 Sep 1849). Russian
physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with the sight of food. He received the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904.
1939 - France recognizes Franco's regime in Spain .
- 1942 - World War II: the USS Langley, the first United States aircraft carrier, is sunk by Japanese warplanes. ( The Battle of Java Sea began 13 US warships sunk 2 Japanese).
1942 - The first French Jews were transported to nazi-Germany.
1943 -
Mary Frann was born (d. 1998). American actress.
1945 -
Carl Anderson was born (d. 2004). American singer and actor.
1948 - The Communist Party takes control of government in
Czechoslovakia.
1949 - Chaim Weizmann becomes 1st Israeli president.
1950 - Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was elected president of Nationalist China.
1950 - Franco Moschino was born. Fashion Designer.
1951 - University College of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was opened.
1951 - São inaugurados em Buenos Aires Os I Jogos Panamericanos.
1952 - Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) se reúne pela primeira vez em sua sede atual em Nova York.
1956 - Female suffrage was granted in Egypt.
1957 - Mao made his speech "On Correct Handling of Contradictions Among People."
1960 - Adriano Olivetti dies. Italian engineer and industrialist.
1962 - South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem was unharmed as two planes bombed the presidential palace in Saigon. The 1st US national was killed. Although Diem had shortcomings as a leader, he had led South Vietnam for eight years and at the time of his death was attempting to deal with Buddhist factionalism.
1963 - The USSR said that 10,000 troops would remain in Cuba.
1963 - Rajendra Prasad dies. First President of India.
1963 - David Keilin dies (b. 21 Mar 1887). Russian-British biochemist who discovered
cytochromes, as enzymes critical to the cell's use of oxygen (1923).
1964 - Three hundred missionaries are deported from the Sudan for alleged support for anti-government forces.
1964 -
Orry-Kelly dies (b. 1897). Australian costume designer.
- 1967 - Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom.
1971 - A causa de graves disturbios en Cali, se declara el estado de sitio en todo el territorio de Colombia.
- 1971 - Rozonda Thomas was born. American singer (TLC)
1972 - President Nixon and Chinese Premier Chou En-lai issued the Shanghai Communique at the conclusion of Nixon's historic visit to China.
1972 -
Pat Brady dies (b. 1914). American actor and singer.
1974 - A Suécia aprova sua nova constituição e o rei passa a exercer um cargo figurativo.
- 1976 - The formerly Spanish territory of Western Sahara, under the auspices of the Polisario Front declares independence as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
- 1976 - The final meeting between Mao tse Tung and Richard Nixon took place.
1977 - Diego Maradona joga pela primeira vez pela Seleção Argentina.
1979 - Guerrilleros del M-19 toman por asalto la Embajada de la República Dominicana en Bogotá.
1980 - Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF wins elections in Zimbabwe
1980 - Winners at the Grammy Awards: song of the year, What A Fool Believes, Streisand - Diamond duet, The Doobie Brothers, album of the year, Billy Joel's 52nd St, best new artist, Rickie Lee Jones, best disco record, I Will Survive by Gloria Gaynor.
1981 - Greatest passenger load on a commercial airliner-610 on Boeing 747 .
1982 - Wayne B. Williams é condenado pelo assassinato de 28 jovens negros, cujos corpos foram encontrados nos arredores de Atlanta (EUA) num período de 22 meses.
1984 - Carl Lewis jumps world record indoor (8.675 m) .
1985 - Mauritania's new constitutional charter published.
1985 -
Abe Asami was born. Japanese singer and actress.
1988 - Katarina Witt won the gold medal in women's figure skating at the Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada, with Elizabeth Manley of Canada placing second and Debi Thomas of the United States, third.
1989 -
Konrad Lorenz dies (b. 7 Nov 1903). Austrian
zoologist, founder of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour by means of comparative zoological methods. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine, for developing a unified, evolutionary theory of animal and human behaviour.
- 1990 - Exxon Valdez oil spill: Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on five criminal counts.
1991 - In California Jim Mitchell shot and killed his brother Artie Mitchell at Artie’s home in Corte Madera. The brothers had produced pornographic films and operated a number of pornographic theaters that included the O’Farrell Theater in SF. He was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to 6 years in prison. He was released on parole in 1997.
1992 - Tiger Woods, 16, becomes youngest PGA golfer in 35 years.
1992 - William Aramony resigned as president of United Way of America amid charges of financial mismanagement and lavish spending.
1992 -
S. I. Hayakawa dies (b. 1906). Canadian-American linguist and politician.
1993 - Jose Duval dies at 72. Actor and singer who played coffee pitchman Juan Valdez.
1994 - 17th Winter Olympic games closes in Lillehammer, Norway.
1994 - A Maronite church near Beirut was bombed and 10 people were killed.
1995 - Começa o julgamento de Salvatore Toto Rina sob acusações de cumplicidade em 48 assassinatos na Sicília.
1995 - Bernard Cornfield dies (b.1927). British financier. In 1972 Charles Raw, Bruce Page and Godfrey Hodgson authored “Do You Sincerely Want to Be Rich: The full story of Bernard Cornfield and IOS.”
1996 - A Sudanese military plane crashed 25 miles south of Khartoum and killed 91 people on board. The plane was a US made C-130.
1997 - Kingsley Davis dies (b. 20 Aug 1908). American sociologist and demographer who was a world-renowned expert on population trends. He had coined the term "zero population growth" and he was the first sociologist to be named to the National Academy of Sciences.
1997 - William Ross Maples dies (b. 7 Aug 1937). American forensic
anthropologist who examined and identified the skeletons of a number of historical figures, including Tsar Nicholas II and other members of the Romanov family killed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks, Vietnam MIAs, conquistador Francisco Pizarro, and in 1994 helped convict Byron De La Beckwith of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers.
1997 - The divorce is legalized in Ireland.
1998 - Os EUA encerram o embargo de 35 anos contra a África do Sul.
1998 -
George H. Hitchings dies (b. 18 Apr 1905). American pharmacologist who was a medical research pioneer who was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for the development of drugs that became essential in the treatment of several major diseases. He shared the prize with colleague Gertrude B. Elion and with Sir James W. Black.
1998 - Jack Micheline (Harvey Martin Silver) dies at 68. Bohemian poet. His first book of poetry was "River of Red Wine," and his last was "Sixty Seven Poems for Downtrodden Saints."
1999 - Brazilian poet Haraldo de Campos (b.1929) won the Mexican Octavio Paz Prize for poetry and essay writing. His major works include "Chess Game of the Stars" and "The Education of the Five Senses."
1999 - Rev. Henry J. Lyons, president of the National Baptist Convention USA, was convicted in Largo, Florida, of racketeering, grand theft and swindling millions of dollars from companies seeking to do business with his followers. He announced his resignation Mar 15. Lyons was sentenced to 5 ½ years in prison and ordered to repay almost $2.5 million.
1999 - From Niger it was reported that a mass grave containing 149 old men, women and children had been found in eastern Niger. The victims were Toubou refugees displaced by fighting several years ago.
1999 - In Nigeria Presidential elections were held. Nigerians voted to elect Olusegun Obasanjo their new president as the country marked the final phase of its return to democracy. Also it was reported that some 1,200 soldiers had died in fighting the rebels of the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone.
2000 - In Iceland the Mount Hekla volcano erupted.
2000 - In Tijuana municipal police chief Alfredo de la Torre Marquez (49) was shot to death by assassins who sprayed his car with over 100 bullets.
2002 -
2002 Gujarat violence: a train catches fire a few minutes after it leaves the
Godhra railway station, killing an estimated 58
Hindu pilgrims returning from
Ayodhya and triggering riots that lead to the death of 1000 people, mostly
Muslims.
2002 - Alicia Keys won in 5 categories at the 44th annual Grammy Awards. Train won for best rock song: "Drops of Jupiter," U2 won for best record of the year: "Walk On," and Various Artists won the album of the year: "O Brother, Where Art Thou."
2003 -
Fred Rogers dies (b. 1928). Children's television celebrity
"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood".2004 - Shoko Asahara, líder da seita acusada do atentado com gás sarin no metro de Tóquio em 20 de março de 1995, é condenado à morte.
2004 - A bombing of a
Superferry by
Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines kills 116, its worst terrorist attack.
2006 - In Yemen a firing squad executed Abed Abdul Razak Kamel, an Islamic militant who killed three American missionaries in a south Yemen hospital in 2002.
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