On this day in History - Jul 28

• 0450 - Theodosius II dies (b. 0401). Emperor of the East (408–50), son and successor of Arcadius
• 1057 - Pope Victor II dies (b. 1018)
• 1148 - Crusaders outside of Damascus retreat - end of the 2nd Crusade
• 1165 - Ibn al-'Arabi was born. Muslim mystic, philosopher
• 1230 - Leopold VI of Austria dies (b. 1176)
• 1330 - Serbians defeat Bulgarians, and kill Czar Michael Sisman of Bulgaria
• 1458 - Jacopo Sannazaro was born. Italian poet (Arcadia)
• 1480 - Turks make a sneak attack on Rhodes
• 1491 - Henry VIII, was born. King of England
• 1493 - Great fire in Moscow
• 1540 - One of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England, Thomas Cromwell, is executed on order from the king on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• 1565 - Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, orders her heralds to publish that Lord Darnley is to be "named and styled King"
• 1576 - Frobisher's expedition reaches Labrador
• 1586 - Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe
• 1588 - English fireships burn the Spanish Armada
• 1609 - Bermuda discovered by Admiral George Somers
• 1611 - Surrender of Kalmar Castle, Sweden
• 1615 - Champlain discovers Lake Huron
• 1637 - Riot in St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, in protest against the use of the Book of Common Prayer
• 1650 - Cromwell reaches Edinburgh
• 1655 - Cyrano de Bergerac dies (b. 1619). French poet.
• 1659 - Charles Ancillon was born (d. 1715). French Huguenot pastor.
• 1667 - Abraham Cowley dies (b. 1618). English poet. Abraham Cowley -"that incomparable poet and virtuous man" to John Evelyn- dies in Chertsey, Surrey, at 48, and is buried in Westminster Abbey.
• 1685 - Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington dies (b. 1618). English statesman.
• 1718 - Etienne Baluze dies (b. 1630). French scholar.
• 1741 - Antonio Vivaldi dies (b. 1678). Italian composer.
• 1746 - Thomas Heyward soldier, signed Declaration of Independance
• 1750 - Philipe Fabre d'Églantine was born in Carcassonne, France (d. 5 Apr 1794). French political dramatic satirist and prominent figure in the French Revolution. First an actor, he will later become a poet, best known for his song, "Il pleut, il pleut, bergere," still sung by French children today.
• 1750 - Johann Sebastian Bach dies (b. 21 Mar 1685). German composer.
• 1762 - George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe dies (b. 1691). English politician.
• 1787 - Pedro Vélez was born. President of Mexico.
• 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre dies guillotined (b. 1758). French Revolutionary leader.
• 1794 - Louis de Saint-Just dies (b. 1867). French Revolutionary leader.
• 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre is guillotined in front of a cheering crowd, for sending thousands of others to a similar fate during the French Revolution.
• 1804 - Ludwig Feuerbach was born (d. 1872). German philosopher
• 1814 - Percy Bysshe Shelley, already married to the former Harriet Westbrook, elopes to France with Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin). (Harriet's suicide in 1816 will free him to wed Mary.)
• 1817 - Jane Austen dies (b. 1775). British novelist
• 1818 - Gaspard Monge dies ( born 9 May 1746). French mathematicien
• 1821 - Peru declares independence from Spain.
• 1842 - Clemens Brentano dies (b. 1778). German poet.
• 1844 - Joseph Bonaparte dies (b. 1768). Older brother of Napoleon I and King of Naples and Spain.
• 1844 - Gerard Manley Hopkins was born in Stratford, Essex (d. 1889). English poet. "The Wreck of the Deutschland"
• 1851 - Manuel Querino was born (d. 1923). Brazilian historian.
• 1859 - Balington Booth was born. Founder of Volunteers of America
• 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church begins - Confederate troops led by General John Bell Hood make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces under General William T. Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1866 - The Metric Act of 1866 becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States.
• 1866 - Beatrix Potter was born (d. 1943). English author, Children's writer and illustrator. (The Tale of Peter Rabbit)
• 1867 - Charles Dillon Perrine was born (d. 1951). Astronomer.
• 1868 - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
• 1873 - The Japanese government implements land and tax reform as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms.
• 1874 - Ernst Cassirer was born (d. 1945). Philosopher.
• 1878 - Great Britain's William Gowland becomes the first non-Japanese to reach Yarigaoka peak, and he names the mountain the Japanese Alps, a name that eventually spreads to the entire mountain range.
• 1881 - American Presbyterian theologian J. Gresham Machen was born in Baltimore.
• 1887 - Marcel Duchamp was born (d. 1968). French painter (Nude Descending a Staircase).
• 1891 - Joe E. (Evan) Brown (comedian, actor: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World)
• 1901 - Rudy (Hubert) Vallee was born. Singer: (My Time is Your Time)
• 1902 - Karl Popper was born (†17 Sep 1994). Austrian-British philosopher.
• 1904 - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov was born (d. 1990). Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate.
• 1904 - Fundação do Club Ferro Carril Oeste, Buenos Aires, Argentina
• 1907 - Dolf Sternberger was born (d. 1989). Publicist.
• 1907 - Earl S. Tupper was born in New Hampshire (d. 5 Oct 1983). American inventor (Tupperware).
• 1909 - Malcolm Lowry was born (d. 1957). Novelist and poet (Under the Volcano)
• 1914 - Carmen Dragon was born (d. 1984). Composer.
• 1914 - World War I begins: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after it failed to meet the conditions of an ultimatum it set on July 23 following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian assassin. This event leads to the outbreak of war.
• 1915 - Charles Townes was born. Americn physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1915 - Frankie Yankovic was born (d. 1998). "Polka King". Grammy Award-winning musician: accordion: Just Because
• 1915 - Charles Hard Townes was born. American physicist, joint winner with the Soviet physicists Aleksandr M. Prokhorov and Nikolay G. Basov of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1964 for his role in the invention of the maser and the laser
• 1916 - David Brown was born. American film producer.
• 1919 - Epitácio Pessoa toma posse da presidência da República do Brasil.
• 1920 - Andrew V. McLaglen was born. Movie director.
• 1920 - Nasce em Lisboa, na Madragoa, Sidónio Muralha (m. 1982). Poeta português um dos precursores do neo-realismo português. É considerado um dos maiores poetas para crianças da língua portuguesa.
• 1922 - Jacques Piccard was born. French undersea explorer.
• 1925 - Baruch S. Blumberg was born. American research physician whose discovery of an antigen that provokes antibody response against hepatitis B led to the development by other researchers of a successful vaccine against the disease. Co-winner (with D. Carleton Gajdusek) of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1976, for their work on the origins and spread of infectious viral.
• 1927 - John Ashbery was born. American poet.
• 1929 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, [Jacqueline Lee Bouvier] was born (d. 1994). American wife of 35th U. S. Presidennt John F. Kennedy ; wife of Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis; editor: Doubleday Publishing)
• 1929 - Itamar Franco was born. Brazilian politician.
• 1931 - Darryl Hickman was born. Actor (The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis)
• 1932 - US President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, DC.
• 1934 - Jacques d'Amboise was born. Dancer and choreographer.
• 1934 - Marie Dressler dies (b. 1868). Actress.
• 1936 - Garfield Sobers was born. Cricketer.
• 1936 - Morte do padre espanhol Pedro Poveda Castroverde - (canonizado em 04 Mai 2003)
• 1937 - Peter Duchin, was born. Pianist and bandleader1938 - Alberto Fujimori was born. President of Peru
• 1938 -Morte de Lampião (Capitão Virgolino Ferreira), conhecido como 'O Rei do Cangaço'
• 1940 - Philip Proctor was born. Comedian
• 1941 - Riccardo Muti was born in Naples. Italian conductor
• 1942 - World War II: USSR leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into Russia. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be immediately killed.
• 1942 - William Matthew Flinders Petrie, dies (b. 1853). English Egyptologist.
• 1943 - World War II: Operation Gomorrah - The British bomb Hamburg causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1943 - Bill Bradley was born. Basketball player and U.S. Senator
• 1945 - Jim Davis was born. American cartoonist
• 1945 - Richard Wright was born. Keyboard player with Pink Floyd
• 1945 - "Garfield" creator Jim Davis was born.
• 1945 - A US Army bomber accidentally crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 injuring 26.
• 1945 - José Luis Bustamante y Rivero asume la presidencia del Perú
• 1946 - Linda Kelsey was born. Actress ( Lou Grant, Day by Day)
• 1946 - Jonathan Edwards was born. Singer
• 1947 - Barbara Ferrell was born. U.S. National Track & Field Hall of Famer: Olympic medalist: silver: 100 meter dash, gold: 4x100 meter relay [1968]; gold medalist: Pan American Games: 100 meters [1967]; tied world record twice: 100 meters [11.1 seconds [1967])
• 1948 - Georgia Bright Engel was born. Actress. (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Coach)
• 1948 - Sally (Ann) Struthers. Emmy Award-winning actress: All in the Family [1971-72, 1978] promoter of the Christian Children's Fund) .
  1948 - O Congresso da FIFA realizado em Londres, designa o Brasil como sede do Campeonato do Mundo de Futebol de 1950
• 1949 - Vida Blue was born. Baseball: Cy Young Award [1971])
• 1949 - Peter Doyle was born. Singer: group: The New Seekers: I'd like to Teach the World to Sing, Look What They've Done to My Song Ma)
• 1949 - Steve Peregrin Took was born (d. 1980). Singer and songwriter.
• 1950 - Manuel A. Odría becomes Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru.
• 1951 - The Walt Disney film, Alice in Wonderland, was released by RKO Pictures.
• 1951 - Santiago Calatrava was born in Valencia. Spanish well-known architect who has designed the Olympic Stadium in Athens, Greece.
• 1952 - Yoshitaka Amano was born. Japanese artist.
• 1952 - Vajiralongkorn was born. Crown Prince of Thailand
• 1953 - Guilherme Arantes was born in São Paulo. Brazilian singer and composer.
• 1954 - Steve Morse was born. American guitarist.
• 1954 - Gerd Faltings was born. German mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal, the highest honour that a young mathematician can receive, in 1986, primarily for his proof of the Mordell Conjecture which he achieved using methods of arithmetic algebraic geometry.
• 1954 - Hugo Chavez was born in Sabaneta, Venezuela. President of Venezuela (1999-2004)
• 1956 - Manuel Prado Ugarteche becomes Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru.
• 1957 - Edith Abbott dies (b. 1876). Social worker, educator, and author.
• 1958 - Terry Fox was born (d. 1981). Cancer activist.
• 1962 - Rachel Sweet was born. Singer
• 1963 - Michael Hayden was born. Actor ("Murder One")
• 1963 - Fernando Belaúnde Terry becomes Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru for a first time.
• 1964 - Ian Livingston was born. British businessman
• 1965 - Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1965 - Lori Loughlin was born. Actress.
• 1965 - Daniela Mercury was born in Salvador - Baía. Brazilian singer.
• 1965 - Edogawa Ranpo dies (b. 1894). Japanese author of detective novels.
• 1966 - Miguel Angel Nadal was born. Spanish football (soccer) player.
• 1966 - Portugal get the third place in The World Cup in football beating URSS 2-1.
• 1968 - Otto Hahn dies (b. 8 Mar1879). German chemist, Nobel Prize for Chemistry laureate in 1994 shared with the radiochemist Fritz Strassmann. He also shared the Enrico Fermi Award in 1966 with Strassmann and Lise Meitner.
• 1969 - Frank Loesser dies (b. 1910). Composer.
• 1971 - Myril Hoag dies (b. 1908). Baseball player.
• 1972 - Helen Traubel dies (b. 1903). American soprano.
• 1972 - Elizabeth Berkley was born. Actress (Saved by the Bell, The First Wives Club, Random Encounter, Any Given Sunday, Africa, The Elevator, Soulmates)
• 1973 - Watkins Glen, New York concert attended by 600,000 to see The Band, The Allman Brothers Band, and the Grateful Dead.
• 1975 - Leonor Watling was born. Spanish actress.
• 1976 - Jacoby Shaddix was born. Singer, Papa Roach
• 1976 - The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 magnitude flattens Tangshan, China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1977 - Emanuel Ginóbili was born. Argentine basketball player
• 1979 - Birgitta Haukdal was born. Icelandic singer
• 1980 - Fernando Belaúnde Terry becomes Constitutional President of the Republic Peru for a second time.
• 1982 - Keith Green dies (b. 1953). American gospel singer, songwriter, and pianist.
• 1982 - Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir was born. Icelandic singer
• 1983 - O Grémio de Porto Alegre vence em casa o Peñarol do Uruguay por 2 -1 e conquista a Taça Libertadores. No jogo da 1ª. mão o resultado tinha sido um empate 1-1.
• 1984 - The 23rd Summer Olympic Games opened at the Los Angeles Coliseum in Southern California this day. Peter V. Uberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, welcomed 7,800 athletes from 140 nations during the 3-1/2 hour opening ceremonies
• 1985 - Alan García becomes president of Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru.
• 1986 - Alexandra Chando was born. American actress.
• 1990 - Alberto Fujimori becomes president of Peru
• 1992 - Mary J. Blige releases her album What's the 411?. It is considered the album that started the new subgenre, hip-hop soul (also see 1992 in music).
• 1993 - Constituição da Federação Portuguesa de Bilhar
• 1995 - Portugal: Inauguração do metropolitano ligeiro de superfície de Mirandela.
• 1995 - Network Solutions announces a new policy to help companies protect their trademarks on the Internet.
• 1995 - Alberto Fujimori inicia su segundo periodo en la presidencia del Perú.
• 1996 - Kennewick Man, the remains of a prehistoric man, was discovered near Kennewick, Washington.
• 1996 - Marguerite "Marge" Ganser dies (b. 1948). Singer (Shangri-Las)
• 1997 - Guatemala becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
• 1998 - Monica Lewinsky scandal: Ex-White House intern, Monica Lewinsky receives transactional immunity in exchange for her grand jury testimony concerning her relationship with US President Bill Clinton.
• 1999 - Trygve Haavelmo dies (b. 1911). Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize Laureate
• 2000 - Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was sworn in for an unprecedented third term of office, infuriating demonstrators who set government buildings ablaze
• 2001 - Alejandro Toledo Manrique asume la presidencia del Perú
• 2002 - Archer John Porter Martin dies (b. 1910). English chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate.
• 2003 - NPR broadcasts the first episode of Day to Day, a one-hour radio newsmagazine
• 2003 - Lady Valerie Goulding dies (b. 1918). Irish Senator and campaigner for the disabled.
• 2004 - Tiziano Terzani dies (b. 1938). Italian journalist.
• 2004 - Francis Crick dies (b. 8 Jun 1916). English chemist, recipient of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, for their determination of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical substance ultimately responsible for hereditary control of life functions.
• 2004 - Sam Edwards dies (b. 1915). American actor.
• 2005 - In Guinea-Bissau, electoral commission declares João Bernardo Vieira winner of the presidential election with a 52-55% majority
• Canada - Commemoration of the deportation of the AcadiansFaroe Islands - Ólavsøka Eve
• Peru - Independence Day
• San Marino - Fall of the Fascist Government. Dia do Agricultor (Brasil).